Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by Industry, 1998  (details in table note)
CIC	Industry Name	Obs	Employment	Members	Covered	%Mem	%Cov
	AGRICULTURE	2,321	1,751,762	27,436	31,720	1.6	1.8
10	Agricultural production, crops	691	547,932	16,905	16,905	3.1	3.1
11	Agricultural production, livestock	657	418,167	1,723	2,828	0.4	0.7
12	Veterinary services	234	171,708	1,366	2,006	0.8	1.2
20	Landscape and horticultural services	606	512,943	7,441	9,981	1.5	1.9
30	Agricultural services, n.e.c.	133	101,012	0	0	0.0	0.0
	FORESTRY AND FISHERIES	164	77,974	8,259	10,146	10.6	13.0
31	Forestry	114	50,341	6,547	8,434	13.0	16.8
32	Fishing, hunting, and trapping	50	27,633	1,712	1,712	6.2	6.2
	MINING	1,053	590,681	72,901	80,330	12.3	13.6
40	Metal mining	122	50,830	14,635	15,635	28.8	30.8
41	Coal mining	184	80,710	26,220	27,095	32.5	33.6
42	Oil and gas extraction	569	349,051	10,505	13,950	3.0	4.0
50	Nonmetallic mining and quarrying, except fuel	178	110,089	21,540	23,649	19.6	21.5
60	CONSTRUCTION	8,432	6,412,499	1,212,288	1,266,904	18.9	19.8
	MANUFACTURING, NONDURABLE GOODS	10,096	7,775,074	1,139,887	1,220,485	14.7	15.7
100	Meat products	584	408,602	83,429	91,745	20.4	22.5
101	Dairy products	179	127,715	30,023	30,786	23.5	24.1
102	Canned, frozen and preserved fruits and vegetables	280	198,600	53,863	62,204	27.1	31.3
110	Grain mill products	204	161,448	31,471	33,724	19.5	20.9
111	Bakery products	271	217,717	66,017	67,118	30.3	30.8
112	Sugar and confectionery products	143	99,448	30,388	31,529	30.6	31.7
120	Beverage industries	236	188,727	38,758	39,405	20.5	20.9
121	Miscellaneous food preparations & kindred products	256	188,497	27,388	32,232	14.5	17.1
122	Not specified food industries	8	6,204	2,511	2,511	40.5	40.5
130	Tobacco manufactures	61	53,187	12,251	13,077	23.0	24.6
132	Knitting mills	116	85,143	3,605	3,605	4.2	4.2
140	Dyeing and finishing textiles, except wool & knit goods	53	45,133	2,564	2,564	5.7	5.7
141	Carpets and rugs	91	82,367	3,894	4,629	4.7	5.6
142	Yarn, thread, and fabric mills	377	311,812	18,058	18,309	5.8	5.9
150	Miscellaneous textile mill products	52	39,286	2,704	2,704	6.9	6.9
151	Apparel and accessories, except knit	799	644,008	49,583	56,955	7.7	8.8
152	Miscellaneous fabricated textile products	181	138,379	8,128	9,084	5.9	6.6
160	Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills	321	248,420	112,306	113,422	45.2	45.7
161	Miscellaneous paper and pulp products	273	221,302	39,152	41,310	17.7	18.7
162	Paperboard containers and boxes	254	203,852	50,108	50,108	24.6	24.6
171	Newspaper publishing and printing	705	477,421	62,731	72,047	13.1	15.1
172	Printing, publishing, & allied ind., exc. newspapers	1,462	1,129,468	78,634	85,723	7.0	7.6
180	Plastics, synthetics, and resins	201	159,605	24,213	27,484	15.2	17.2
181	Drugs	467	374,299	21,490	24,620	5.7	6.6
182	Soaps and cosmetics	207	161,600	13,923	13,923	8.6	8.6
190	Paints, varnishes, and related products	76	63,882	5,193	5,193	8.1	8.1
191	Agricultural chemicals	66	45,603	9,069	9,069	19.9	19.9
192	Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals	651	497,137	79,964	83,025	16.1	16.7
200	Petroleum refining	192	143,712	27,782	33,278	19.3	23.2
201	Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products	39	35,563	5,002	5,002	14.1	14.1
210	Tires and inner tubes	116	105,867	34,131	34,782	32.2	32.9
211	Other rubber products, & plastics footwear & belting	190	135,993	21,409	22,375	15.7	16.5
212	Miscellaneous plastics products	834	671,731	71,759	76,599	10.7	11.4
220	Leather tanning and finishing	15	12,653	6,793	6,793	53.7	53.7
221	Footwear, except rubber and plastic	87	53,517	8,412	9,111	15.7	17.0
222	Leather products, except footwear	49	37,173	3,182	4,439	8.6	11.9
	MANUFACTURING, DURABLE GOODS	15,289	12,046,840	1,997,540	2,107,523	16.6	17.5
230	Logging	132	86,328	8,686	8,686	10.1	10.1
231	Sawmills, planing mills, and millwork	591	420,189	59,233	60,445	14.1	14.4
232	Wood buildings and mobile homes	101	86,465	1,981	1,981	2.3	2.3
241	Miscellaneous wood products	196	162,349	8,723	9,543	5.4	5.9
242	Furniture and fixtures	769	631,140	45,147	49,356	7.2	7.8
250	Glass and glass products	221	190,297	63,955	64,305	33.6	33.8
251	Cement, concrete, gypsum, and plaster products	286	222,893	43,361	47,906	19.5	21.5
252	Structural clay products	52	42,827	7,527	7,527	17.6	17.6
261	Pottery and related products	44	35,184	7,394	7,394	21.0	21.0
262	Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral & stone products	123	94,805	14,298	14,435	15.1	15.2
270	Blast furnaces, steelworks, rolling and finishing mills	347	291,750	126,991	129,321	43.5	44.3
271	Iron and steel foundries	114	97,839	30,653	32,604	31.3	33.3
272	Primary aluminum industries	170	146,365	59,173	59,941	40.4	41.0
280	Other primary metal industries	236	186,174	27,736	28,690	14.9	15.4
281	Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware	171	139,195	23,029	24,022	16.5	17.3
282	Fabricated structural metal products	667	518,854	80,170	84,089	15.5	16.2
290	Screw machine products	112	86,353	6,414	8,279	7.4	9.6
291	Metal forgings and stampings	173	136,713	37,164	40,405	27.2	29.6
292	Ordnance	78	49,798	15,523	18,428	31.2	37.0
300	Miscellaneous fabricated metal products	462	386,773	48,834	51,853	12.6	13.4
301	Not specified metal industries	17	13,382	0	0	0.0	0.0
310	Engines and turbines	92	76,660	28,018	28,787	36.5	37.6
311	Farm machinery and equipment	183	112,306	17,886	21,241	15.9	18.9
312	Construction and material handling machines	326	257,477	49,258	52,111	19.1	20.2
320	Metalworking machinery	396	315,559	34,951	38,202	11.1	12.1
321	Office and accounting machines	47	36,904	710	710	1.9	1.9
322	Computers and related equipment	606	478,055	13,510	16,139	2.8	3.4
331	Machinery, except electrical, n.e.c.	1,385	1,103,747	145,008	150,760	13.1	13.7
332	Not specified machinery	7	5,081	0	0	0.0	0.0
340	Household appliances	119	108,285	35,028	35,736	32.3	33.0
341	Radio, TV, and communication equipment	502	407,423	38,451	40,429	9.4	9.9
342	Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies, n.e.c.	1,783	1,370,430	140,203	153,197	10.2	11.2
350	Not specified electrical machinery, equip., & supplies	42	31,177	0	0	0.0	0.0
351	Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment	1,593	1,282,467	466,233	472,580	36.4	36.8
352	Aircraft and parts	611	501,327	135,469	148,592	27.0	29.6
360	Ship and boat building and repairing	249	180,694	35,491	38,101	19.6	21.1
361	Railroad locomotives and equipment	38	36,567	15,736	15,736	43.0	43.0
362	Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts	327	274,402	29,267	33,670	10.7	12.3
370	Cycles and miscellaneous transportation equipment	87	65,231	14,227	15,199	21.8	23.3
371	Scientific and controlling instruments	321	248,124	17,092	17,808	6.9	7.2
372	Medical, dental, and optical instruments and supplies	537	417,575	12,175	16,747	2.9	4.0
380	Photographic equipment and supplies	138	107,222	6,651	7,776	6.2	7.3
381	Watches, clocks, and clockwork operated devices	14	11,578	2,465	2,465	21.3	21.3
390	Toys, amusement, and sporting goods	196	140,435	10,437	12,832	7.4	9.1
391	Miscellaneous manufacturing industries	504	348,619	23,015	28,514	6.6	8.2
392	Not specified manufacturing industries	124	103,822	10,267	10,981	9.9	10.6
	TRANSPORTATION	7,220	5,485,427	1,913,075	2,018,028	34.9	36.8
400	Railroads	426	295,584	209,284	210,984	70.8	71.4
401	Bus service and urban transit	742	555,138	182,274	189,538	32.8	34.1
402	Taxicab service	128	102,112	7,504	9,964	7.3	9.8
410	Trucking service	2,615	2,041,186	423,754	440,014	20.8	21.6
411	Warehousing and storage	205	163,672	17,973	21,147	11.0	12.9
412	U.S. Postal Service	1,228	908,842	657,156	705,851	72.3	77.7
420	Water transportation	247	195,298	56,986	57,713	29.2	29.6
421	Air transportation	1,131	857,554	327,503	343,790	38.2	40.1
422	Pipe lines, except natural gas	20	12,246	356	1,374	2.9	11.2
432	Services incidental to transportation	478	353,795	30,285	37,653	8.6	10.6
	COMMUNICATIONS	2,302	1,785,108	407,135	428,965	22.8	24.0
440	Radio and television broadcasting and cable	619	461,893	45,757	49,034	9.9	10.6
441	Telephone communications	1,653	1,302,830	360,390	378,943	27.7	29.1
442	Telegraph and misc. communications services	30	20,385	988	988	4.8	4.8
	UTILITIES AND SANITARY SERVICES	2,047	1,496,867	474,518	504,133	31.7	33.7
450	Electric light and power	874	612,541	210,786	220,684	34.4	36.0
451	Gas and steam supply systems	256	177,448	48,608	51,405	27.4	29.0
452	Electric and gas, and other combinations	179	155,125	67,017	72,466	43.2	46.7
470	Water supply and irrigation	321	243,918	62,866	69,090	25.8	28.3
471	Sanitary services	395	289,262	80,158	85,019	27.7	29.4
472	Not specified utilities	22	18,573	5,083	5,471	27.4	29.5
	WHOLESALE TRADE	5,856	4,439,184	260,288	275,716	5.9	6.2
500	Motor vehicles and equipment	262	195,558	4,124	4,124	2.1	2.1
501	Furniture and home furnishings	96	78,101	2,668	2,668	3.4	3.4
502	Lumber and construction materials	240	191,098	13,243	14,578	6.9	7.6
510	Professional and commercial equipment and supplies	540	427,751	5,703	6,454	1.3	1.5
511	Metals and minerals, except petroleum	100	73,575	10,711	11,785	14.6	16.0
512	Electrical goods	375	307,252	8,187	8,187	2.7	2.7
521	Hardware, plumbing and heating supplies	353	263,251	9,967	9,967	3.8	3.8
530	Machinery, equipment, and supplies	809	587,653	18,264	21,758	3.1	3.7
531	Scrap and waste materials	196	148,694	9,112	11,075	6.1	7.4
532	Miscellaneous wholesale, durable goods	178	131,098	2,717	2,717	2.1	2.1
540	Paper and paper products	160	123,677	9,033	9,513	7.3	7.7
541	Drugs, chemicals and allied products	263	202,522	6,869	8,608	3.4	4.3
542	Apparel, fabrics, and notions	151	122,028	6,057	6,057	5.0	5.0
550	Groceries and related products	1,107	854,534	112,662	116,630	13.2	13.6
551	Farm-product raw materials	138	79,388	2,044	2,044	2.6	2.6
552	Petroleum products	178	128,721	6,112	6,739	4.7	5.2
560	Alcoholic beverages	151	117,213	20,087	20,087	17.1	17.1
561	Farm supplies	202	132,569	2,621	2,621	2.0	2.0
562	Miscellaneous wholesale, nondurable goods	326	253,125	10,106	10,106	4.0	4.0
571	Not specified wholesale trade	31	21,378	0	0	0.0	0.0
	RETAIL TRADE	26,728	19,915,191	1,034,870	1,129,035	5.2	5.7
580	Lumber and building material retailing	759	559,003	16,882	20,591	3.0	3.7
581	Hardware stores	279	200,787	7,445	7,445	3.7	3.7
582	Retail nurseries and garden stores	135	91,292	0	0	0.0	0.0
590	Mobile home dealers	59	41,445	0	0	0.0	0.0
591	Department stores	2,924	2,181,641	80,350	94,136	3.7	4.3
592	Variety stores	164	123,291	2,584	2,584	2.1	2.1
600	Miscellaneous general merchandise stores	231	160,824	13,760	15,053	8.6	9.4
601	Grocery stores	4,063	2,972,205	659,287	686,022	22.2	23.1
602	Dairy products stores	50	41,703	1,178	4,610	2.8	11.1
610	Retail bakeries	248	180,606	7,723	7,723	4.3	4.3
611	Food stores, n.e.c.	223	165,314	6,142	6,968	3.7	4.2
612	Motor vehicle dealers	1,522	1,155,681	32,260	36,328	2.8	3.1
620	Auto and home supply stores	607	443,576	9,796	10,526	2.2	2.4
621	Gasoline service stations	497	360,337	5,517	6,148	1.5	1.7
622	Miscellaneous vehicle dealers	131	88,574	0	0	0.0	0.0
623	Apparel and accessory stores, except shoe	910	700,552	13,772	15,231	2.0	2.2
630	Shoe stores	172	134,064	2,012	2,012	1.5	1.5
631	Furniture and home furnishings stores	645	486,479	8,094	9,499	1.7	2.0
632	Household appliance stores	97	73,697	0	0	0.0	0.0
633	Radio, TV, and computer stores	596	463,302	4,608	6,800	1.0	1.5
640	Music stores	156	123,323	796	1,877	0.6	1.5
641	Eating and drinking places	8,325	6,291,202	82,628	103,753	1.3	1.6
642	Drug stores	780	602,747	28,883	35,145	4.8	5.8
650	Liquor stores	134	96,480	2,239	3,673	2.3	3.8
651	Sporting goods, bicycles, and hobby stores	456	328,985	6,662	7,538	2.0	2.3
652	Book and stationery stores	357	269,857	4,591	4,591	1.7	1.7
660	Jewelry stores	174	125,458	1,674	1,674	1.3	1.3
661	Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops	257	174,887	0	0	0.0	0.0
662	Sewing, needlework and piece goods stores	59	42,862	0	0	0.0	0.0
663	Catalog and mail order houses	193	128,199	6,362	6,781	5.0	5.3
670	Vending machine operators	58	45,463	4,301	4,301	9.5	9.5
671	Direct selling establishments	192	141,465	2,001	2,001	1.4	1.4
672	Fuel dealers	163	101,766	8,370	9,275	8.2	9.1
681	Retail florists	153	108,022	2,883	3,223	2.7	3.0
682	Miscellaneous retail stores	853	631,270	8,499	9,957	1.3	1.6
691	Not specified retail trade	106	78,833	3,569	3,569	4.5	4.5
	FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE	10,283	7,623,073	205,303	256,443	2.7	3.4
700	Banking	2,626	1,856,815	19,283	27,400	1.0	1.5
701	Savings institutions, including credit unions	385	260,642	7,838	9,421	3.0	3.6
702	Credit agencies, n.e.c.	925	683,887	2,343	7,279	0.3	1.1
710	Security, commodity brokerage, & invest. companies	1,004	777,934	10,670	15,006	1.4	1.9
711	Insurance	3,088	2,318,109	60,725	76,441	2.6	3.3
712	Real estate, including real estate-insurance offices	2,255	1,725,686	104,443	120,896	6.1	7.0
	BUSINESS AND REPAIR SERVICES	8,778	6,843,054	206,165	259,857	3.0	3.8
721	Advertising	321	246,130	5,468	6,941	2.2	2.8
722	Services to dwellings and other buildings	765	577,810	45,924	50,909	7.9	8.8
731	Personnel supply services	1,186	963,773	14,940	26,479	1.6	2.7
732	Computer and data processing services	1,917	1,527,830	13,506	25,777	0.9	1.7
740	Detective and protective services	641	526,239	35,380	43,455	6.7	8.3
741	Business services, n.e.c.	1,948	1,483,042	47,700	53,104	3.2	3.6
742	Automotive rental and leasing, without drivers	218	159,555	9,122	10,187	5.7	6.4
750	Automotive parking and carwashes	224	180,380	5,700	5,700	3.2	3.2
751	Automotive repair and related services	971	747,478	15,189	20,669	2.0	2.8
752	Electrical repair shops	140	100,461	1,276	2,667	1.3	2.7
760	Miscellaneous repair services	447	330,355	11,961	13,969	3.6	4.2
	PERSONAL SERVICES	5,132	3,691,437	201,447	218,904	5.5	5.9
761	Private Households	1,277	970,089	11,890	11,890	1.2	1.2
762	Hotels and Motels	2,067	1,369,099	144,136	156,182	10.5	11.4
770	Lodging places, except hotels and motels	150	114,630	0	865	0.0	0.8
771	Laundry, cleaning, and garment services	519	390,274	36,679	38,710	9.4	9.9
772	Beauty shops	706	527,122	4,241	6,756	0.8	1.3
780	Barber shops	28	19,871	703	703	3.5	3.5
781	Funeral service and crematories	100	75,359	1,443	1,443	1.9	1.9
782	Shoe repair shops	7	5,699	0	0	0.0	0.0
790	Dressmaking shops	4	3,027	0	0	0.0	0.0
791	Miscellaneous personal services	274	216,266	2,355	2,355	1.1	1.1
	ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION SERVICES	2,893	2,141,341	170,847	193,416	8.0	9.0
800	Theaters and motion pictures	608	460,585	55,917	62,065	12.1	13.5
801	Video tape rental	155	124,980	1,208	1,208	1.0	1.0
802	Bowling centers	75	57,761	0	780	0.0	1.4
810	Miscellaneous entertainment & recreation services	2,055	1,498,015	113,722	129,362	7.6	8.6
831	HOSPITALS	7,124	5,151,174	662,793	768,359	12.9	14.9
	MEDICAL SERVICES, EXCEPT HOSPITALS	7,874	5,670,392	379,965	429,455	6.7	7.6
812	Offices and clinics of physicians	1,815	1,306,840	40,335	48,721	3.1	3.7
820	Offices and clinics of dentists	745	536,605	15,126	15,423	2.8	2.9
821	Offices and clinics of chiropractors	100	72,431	157	157	0.2	0.2
822	Offices and clinics of optometrists	79	56,966	685	685	1.2	1.2
830	Offices and clinics of health practitioners, n.e.c.	65	46,614	1,631	2,303	3.5	4.9
832	Nursing and personal care facilities	2,485	1,754,764	168,716	188,789	9.6	10.8
840	Health services, n.e.c.	2,585	1,896,172	153,314	173,377	8.1	9.1
	EDUCATIONAL SERVICES	14,644	10,362,389	3,542,606	4,105,351	34.2	39.6
842	Elementary and secondary schools	9,997	7,121,311	3,142,794	3,602,609	44.1	50.6
850	Colleges and universities	4,051	2,812,095	353,168	448,665	12.6	16.0
851	Vocational schools	113	83,116	11,595	12,326	14.0	14.8
852	Libraries	276	196,218	29,027	34,569	14.8	17.6
860	Educational services, n.e.c.	207	149,650	6,021	7,183	4.0	4.8
	SOCIAL SERVICES	3,739	2,671,847	197,473	225,751	7.4	8.4
861	Job training and vocational rehabilitation services	297	209,847	10,764	10,764	5.1	5.1
862	Child day care services	1,211	898,115	29,948	35,672	3.3	4.0
863	Family child care homes	29	19,274	0	0	0.0	0.0
870	Residential care facilities, without nursing	673	471,146	32,594	36,153	6.9	7.7
871	Social services, n.e.c.	1,529	1,073,465	124,167	143,163	11.6	13.3
	OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES	6,788	4,899,411	136,988	175,099	2.8	3.6
841	Legal services	1,408	1,013,495	16,060	21,146	1.6	2.1
872	Museums, art galleries, and zoos	166	118,578	9,611	12,437	8.1	10.5
873	Labor unions	84	55,352	41,562	42,214	75.1	76.3
880	Religious organizations	1,198	866,621	3,845	9,406	0.4	1.1
881	Membership organizations, n.e.c.	530	360,208	6,342	10,714	1.8	3.0
882	Engineering, architectural, and surveying services	1,040	766,342	25,804	31,250	3.4	4.1
890	Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services	663	491,154	3,701	6,185	0.8	1.3
891	Research, development, and testing services	808	568,876	17,732	24,317	3.1	4.3
892	Management and public relations services	815	605,881	9,590	13,862	1.6	2.3
893	Miscellaneous professional and related services	76	52,904	2,742	3,569	5.2	6.7
	PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION	8,227	5,899,188	1,959,629	2,212,712	33.2	37.5
900	Executive and legislative offices	247	146,823	9,569	13,025	6.5	8.9
901	General government, n.e.c.	979	689,812	155,648	185,182	22.6	26.8
910	Justice, public order, and safety	3,171	2,434,240	1,157,338	1,219,143	47.5	50.1
921	Public finance, taxation, and monetary policy	511	365,530	105,085	124,876	28.7	34.2
922	Administration of human resources programs	1,168	805,323	228,487	279,654	28.4	34.7
930	Administration of environ. quality & housing programs	441	262,047	52,011	68,084	19.8	26.0
931	Administration of economic programs	887	597,926	160,430	192,302	26.8	32.2
932	National security and international affairs	823	597,486	91,061	130,446	15.2	21.8
Data Sources: Current Population Survey (CPS) Outgoing Rotation Group (ORG) Earnings Files, 1998. Sample includes
employed wage and salary workers, ages 16 and over. Variable definitions are: CIC=1990 Census industry code used
in CPS, Obs=CPS sample size, Employment=wage and salary employment, Members=employed workers who are union
members, Covered=workers covered by a collective bargaining agreement, %Mem=percent of employed workers who
are union members, and %Cov=percent of employed workers who are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
© 2002 by Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson.  The use of data requires citation.