Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by Occupation, 1983 (details in table note)
COC	Occupation Name	Obs	Employment	Members	Covered	%Mem	%Cov
	EXECUTIVE, ADMINISTRATIVE, & MANAGERIAL OCCUPATIONS	16,794	8,545,500	690,259	915,712	8.1	10.7
3	Legislators	16	6,733	629	629	9.3	9.3
4	Chief executives and general administrators, public admin.	37	15,948	819	1,935	5.1	12.1
5	Administrators and officials, public administration	920	419,033	82,534	112,094	19.7	26.8
6	Administrators, protective services	117	54,862	7,539	9,975	13.7	18.2
7	Financial managers	640	332,249	3,893	6,801	1.2	2.0
8	Personnel and labor relations managers	213	105,071	4,217	6,178	4.0	5.9
9	Purchasing managers	151	81,490	2,821	4,535	3.5	5.6
13	Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations	687	377,561	7,889	13,285	2.1	3.5
14	Administrators, education and related fields	833	405,983	92,459	120,044	22.8	29.6
15	Managers, medicine and health	173	87,237	7,623	9,765	8.7	11.2
16	Managers, properties and real estate	354	185,230	9,595	11,852	5.2	6.4
17	Postmasters and mail superintendents	79	32,886	16,422	17,223	49.9	52.4
18	Funeral directors	45	24,561	2,536	2,536	10.3	10.4
19	Managers and administrators, n.e.c.	7,473	3,810,584	222,731	293,633	5.8	7.7
23	Accountants and auditors	1,817	950,046	65,357	86,729	6.9	9.1
24	Underwriters	58	33,734	0	908	0.0	2.7
25	Other financial officers	935	474,075	16,364	25,750	3.5	5.4
26	Management analysts	139	73,148	2,506	5,337	3.4	7.3
27	Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists	578	298,235	42,514	53,811	14.3	18.0
28	Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products	28	11,358	0	737	0.0	6.5
29	Buyers, wholesale and retail trade except farm products	318	160,520	6,419	9,131	4.0	5.7
33	Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c.	355	191,898	11,056	17,667	5.8	9.2
34	Business and promotion agents	96	47,178	6,988	7,570	14.8	16.0
35	Construction inspectors	108	50,342	12,886	18,174	25.6	36.1
36	Inspectors and compliance officers, exc. construction	300	151,234	49,158	59,622	32.5	39.4
37	Management related occupations, n.e.c.	324	164,305	15,304	19,791	9.3	12.0
	PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS	14,334	7,298,006	920,492	1,259,152	12.6	17.3
43	Architects	126	62,099	2,403	3,132	3.9	5.0
44	Aerospace engineers	142	83,077	9,112	12,968	11.0	15.6
45	Metallurgical and materials engineers	45	27,314	3,248	5,412	11.9	19.8
46	Mining engineers	22	6,791	700	787	10.3	11.6
47	Petroleum engineers	63	33,032	0	0	0.0	0.0
48	Chemical engineers	134	67,557	2,988	2,988	4.4	4.4
49	Nuclear engineers	30	16,079	1,052	3,035	6.5	18.9
53	Civil engineers	387	188,809	25,194	32,618	13.3	17.3
54	Agricultural engineers	10	5,670	0	620	0.0	10.9
55	Electrical and electronic engineers	784	431,728	30,503	52,616	7.1	12.2
56	Industrial engineers	371	205,420	14,533	18,876	7.1	9.2
57	Mechanical engineers	432	245,125	15,714	27,300	6.4	11.1
58	Marine and naval architects engineers	23	11,965	4,527	5,115	37.8	42.8
59	Engineers, n.e.c.	342	179,252	7,656	13,459	4.3	7.5
63	Surveyors and mapping scientists	63	28,935	2,689	2,868	9.3	9.9
64	Computer systems analysts and scientists	474	252,607	18,785	30,458	7.4	12.1
65	Operations and systems researchers and analysts	253	136,729	9,538	19,441	7.0	14.3
66	Actuaries	20	9,164	483	483	5.3	5.3
67	Statisticians	51	25,230	3,017	4,914	12.0	19.5
68	Mathematical scientists, n.e.c.	20	9,197	583	753	6.3	8.2
69	Physicists and astronomers	62	31,671	530	1,216	1.7	3.8
73	Chemists, except biochemists	187	100,317	8,143	10,526	8.1	10.5
74	Atmospheric and space scientists	23	10,599	712	780	6.7	7.4
75	Geologists and geodesists	118	52,944	2,001	2,702	3.8	5.1
76	Physical scientists, n.e.c.	18	8,090	42	552	0.5	6.8
77	Agricultural and food scientists	64	27,330	2,178	3,229	8.0	11.8
78	Biological and life scientists	123	56,933	5,995	10,238	10.5	18.0
79	Forestry and conservation scientists	89	31,132	4,524	4,726	14.5	15.2
83	Medical scientists	36	18,640	1,152	2,424	6.2	13.0
84	Physicians	455	243,505	14,949	25,470	6.1	10.5
85	Dentists	31	16,597	567	816	3.4	4.9
86	Veterinarians	28	12,899	389	389	3.0	3.0
87	Optometrists	5	2,057	0	0	0.0	0.0
88	Podiatrists	3	1,478	0	0	0.0	0.0
89	Health diagnosing practitioners, n.e.c.	6	2,138	688	688	32.2	32.2
95	Registered nurses	2,701	1,364,192	224,283	312,652	16.4	22.9
96	Pharmacists	249	126,377	11,587	12,905	9.2	10.2
97	Dietitians	137	68,749	6,899	7,686	10.0	11.2
98	Inhalation therapists	135	67,843	5,254	7,152	7.7	10.5
99	Occupational therapists	57	28,746	7,463	9,607	26.0	33.4
103	Physical therapists	88	44,310	6,522	8,219	14.7	18.5
104	Speech therapists	90	47,557	24,811	29,621	52.2	62.3
105	Therapists, n.e.c.	84	41,478	11,633	15,697	28.0	37.8
106	Physicians' assistants	98	49,810	13,977	15,579	28.1	31.3
163	Counselors, educational and vocational	371	181,941	68,178	84,230	37.5	46.3
164	Librarians	397	190,932	66,250	77,828	34.7	40.8
165	Archivists and curators	39	18,340	147	1,133	0.8	6.2
166	Economists	185	88,554	1,141	6,456	1.3	7.3
167	Psychologists	211	107,781	22,631	29,276	21.0	27.2
168	Sociologists	3	1,103	871	871	79.0	79.0
169	Social scientists, n.e.c.	25	8,647	1,389	1,531	16.1	17.7
173	Urban planners	24	12,089	685	1,867	5.7	15.4
174	Social workers	808	406,568	102,732	139,619	25.3	34.4
175	Recreation workers	133	62,700	6,901	7,412	11.0	11.8
176	Clergy	512	252,981	3,009	9,596	1.2	3.8
177	Religious workers, n.e.c.	110	60,504	0	0	0.0	0.0
178	Lawyers	597	307,273	19,085	24,436	6.2	8.0
179	Judges	84	39,193	3,173	4,014	8.1	10.2
183	Authors	28	13,361	1,862	1,862	13.9	13.9
184	Technical writers	88	49,595	2,768	4,020	5.6	8.1
185	Designers	544	275,449	16,664	22,880	6.0	8.3
186	Musicians and composers	157	77,110	20,772	22,047	26.9	28.6
187	Actors and directors	80	41,492	12,443	13,621	30.0	32.8
188	Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist print-makers	157	85,005	7,221	12,156	8.5	14.3
189	Photographers	134	67,993	9,573	11,700	14.1	17.2
193	Dancers	17	7,571	0	237	0.0	3.1
194	Artists, performers, and related workers, n.e.c.	76	37,689	4,443	6,401	11.8	17.0
195	Editors and reporters	411	193,183	22,625	27,975	11.7	14.5
197	Public relations specialists	293	152,892	9,821	15,018	6.4	9.8
198	Announcers	83	31,835	4,571	4,667	14.4	14.7
199	Athletes	88	45,054	4,517	7,584	10.0	16.8
	TEACHERS, POSTSECONDARY	1,254	616,659	123,130	173,316	20.0	28.1
113	Earth, environmental, and marine science teachers	14	6,279	629	629	10.0	10.0
114	Biological science teachers	54	26,442	7,052	9,075	26.7	34.3
115	Chemistry teachers	40	18,701	2,279	2,875	12.2	15.4
116	Physics teachers	13	8,415	0	584	0.0	6.9
117	Natural science teachers, n.e.c.	1	121	0	121	0.0	100.0
118	Psychology teachers	36	15,947	2,387	3,161	15.0	19.8
119	Economics teachers	42	24,076	4,569	7,584	19.0	31.5
123	History teachers	29	14,544	1,962	3,742	13.5	25.7
124	Political science teachers	21	10,604	2,882	3,722	27.2	35.1
125	Sociology teachers	17	9,060	2,698	3,857	29.8	42.6
126	Social science teachers, n.e.c.	12	7,873	1,781	1,781	22.6	22.6
127	Engineering teachers	64	31,855	9,095	12,163	28.6	38.2
128	Mathematical science teachers	83	44,372	11,842	14,375	26.7	32.4
129	Computer science teachers	27	12,784	2,946	3,700	23.0	28.9
133	Medical science teachers	21	11,725	2,321	2,902	19.8	24.8
134	Health specialties teachers	91	44,828	11,296	14,622	25.2	32.6
135	Business, commerce, and marketing teachers	57	26,630	5,752	9,639	21.6	36.2
136	Agriculture and forestry teachers	10	4,316	557	854	12.9	19.8
137	Art, drama, and music teachers	86	42,575	8,736	13,108	20.5	30.8
138	Physical education teachers	28	15,233	1,688	3,613	11.1	23.7
139	Education teachers	18	8,200	1,902	2,424	23.2	29.6
143	English teachers	103	49,179	10,363	17,173	21.1	34.9
144	Foreign language teachers	50	27,205	5,361	6,651	19.7	24.4
145	Law teachers	11	5,752	668	906	11.6	15.8
146	Social work teachers	9	3,393	728	728	21.4	21.4
147	Theology teachers	20	9,789	1,796	2,792	18.3	28.5
148	Trade and industrial teachers	14	6,333	3,259	3,259	51.5	51.5
149	Home economics teachers	8	3,520	1,276	1,276	36.2	36.2
153	Teachers, postsecondary, n.e.c.	9	4,188	845	845	20.2	20.2
154	Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified	266	122,721	16,459	25,156	13.4	20.5
	TEACHERS, EXCEPT POSTSECONDARY	6,610	3,196,529	1,620,095	1,959,216	50.7	61.3
155	Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten	583	285,044	74,894	93,178	26.3	32.7
156	Teachers, elementary school	2,778	1,349,164	778,304	932,236	57.7	69.1
157	Teachers, secondary school	2,503	1,203,853	690,945	835,222	57.4	69.4
158	Teachers, special education	164	84,515	46,495	55,487	55.0	65.8
159	Teachers, n.e.c.	582	273,954	29,457	43,093	10.8	15.8
	TECHNICIANS AND RELATED SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS	5,794	3,000,551	398,566	514,542	13.3	17.2
203	Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	489	254,862	24,957	33,363	9.8	13.1
204	Dental hygienists	130	65,915	4,852	4,852	7.4	7.4
205	Health record technologists and technicians	94	46,161	6,311	8,443	13.7	18.3
206	Radiologic technicians	197	97,731	12,267	15,222	12.6	15.6
207	Licensed practical nurses	893	455,738	71,330	88,026	15.7	19.3
208	Health technologists and technicians, n.e.c.	372	199,367	21,814	30,758	10.9	15.5
213	Electrical and electronic technicians	494	262,383	56,296	67,867	21.5	25.9
214	Industrial engineering technicians	16	8,921	1,516	2,197	17.0	24.6
215	Mechanical engineering technicians	29	14,889	1,807	2,297	12.1	15.4
216	Engineering technicians, n.e.c.	415	229,476	32,005	42,991	13.9	18.7
217	Drafting occupations	499	263,541	29,822	44,961	11.3	17.1
218	Surveying and mapping technicians	103	47,896	10,638	13,671	22.2	29.0
223	Biological technicians	103	49,500	5,384	7,506	10.9	15.2
224	Chemical technicians	154	75,307	10,285	12,882	13.7	17.1
225	Science technicians, n.e.c.	140	67,380	10,421	11,937	15.5	17.7
226	Airplane pilots and navigators	125	61,430	28,602	29,851	46.6	48.6
227	Air traffic controllers	57	28,461	5,646	7,753	19.8	27.2
228	Broadcast equipment operators	66	28,308	7,573	7,696	26.8	27.2
229	Computer programmers	759	408,499	23,294	36,947	5.7	9.0
233	Tool programmers, numerical control	7	3,797	628	1,162	16.5	30.6
234	Legal assistants	243	121,936	5,546	7,255	4.5	5.9
235	Technicians, n.e.c.	409	209,054	27,573	36,905	13.2	17.7
	SALES OCCUPATIONS	18,004	9,234,254	615,676	738,594	6.7	8.0
243	Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations	3,462	1,774,091	114,621	141,553	6.5	8.0
253	Insurance sales occupations	728	382,088	15,740	22,359	4.1	5.9
254	Real estate sales occupations	574	287,595	3,480	6,954	1.2	2.4
255	Securities and financial services sales occupations	296	163,295	1,288	1,928	0.8	1.2
256	Advertising and related sales occupations	219	109,048	7,625	9,537	7.0	8.7
257	Sales occupations, other business services	634	338,256	19,392	23,105	5.7	6.8
258	Sales engineers	58	32,041	600	1,236	1.9	3.9
259	Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale	2,231	1,182,385	28,342	41,168	2.4	3.5
263	Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats	404	200,169	1,796	2,465	0.9	1.2
264	Sales workers, apparel	871	437,144	15,320	19,172	3.5	4.4
265	Sales workers, shoes	203	110,621	3,721	4,259	3.4	3.9
266	Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings	216	110,512	1,945	2,651	1.8	2.4
267	Sales workers, radio, TV, hi-fi, and appliances	211	109,193	2,350	2,564	2.2	2.3
268	Sales workers, hardware and building supplies	355	172,650	3,127	5,300	1.8	3.1
269	Sales workers, parts	287	143,858	7,269	11,683	5.1	8.1
274	Sales workers, other commodities	2,647	1,337,101	50,985	63,383	3.8	4.7
275	Sales counter clerks	240	120,966	6,805	7,434	5.6	6.1
276	Cashiers	3,819	1,949,673	322,961	359,562	16.6	18.4
277	Street and door-to-door sales workers	311	155,818	3,453	4,103	2.2	2.6
278	News vendors	160	78,242	1,702	4,236	2.2	5.4
283	Demonstrators, promoters and models, sales	45	22,262	3,153	3,153	14.2	14.2
284	Auctioneers	8	2,711	0	0	0.0	0.0
285	Sales support occupations, n.e.c.	25	14,535	0	788	0.0	5.4
	ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, INC. CLERICAL	31,089	15,789,498	2,363,028	2,945,429	15.0	18.7
303	Supervisors, general office	750	377,897	43,884	64,524	11.6	17.1
304	Supervisors, computer equipment operators	75	39,207	3,074	5,411	7.8	13.8
305	Supervisors, financial records processing	186	102,790	6,780	8,415	6.6	8.2
306	Chief communications operators	10	4,638	714	807	15.4	17.4
307	Supervisors; distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks	282	149,727	33,761	40,321	22.5	26.9
308	Computer operators	1,095	582,058	82,105	102,715	14.1	17.6
309	Peripheral equipment operators	19	9,285	1,431	1,431	15.4	15.4
313	Secretaries	7,525	3,776,551	272,268	389,858	7.2	10.3
314	Stenographers	110	53,252	15,225	21,822	28.6	41.0
315	Typists	1,724	879,970	122,697	157,994	13.9	18.0
316	Interviewers	341	184,668	11,197	15,916	6.1	8.6
317	Hotel clerks	142	55,673	3,470	4,349	6.2	7.8
318	Transportation ticket and reservation agents	196	99,379	24,432	28,782	24.6	29.0
319	Receptionists	1,173	581,929	32,126	36,550	5.5	6.3
323	Information clerks, n.e.c.	368	198,224	23,439	26,864	11.8	13.6
325	Classified-ad clerks	12	5,931	1,895	2,265	32.0	38.2
326	Correspondence clerks	33	17,582	1,180	2,293	6.7	13.0
327	Order clerks	329	170,080	53,933	66,825	31.7	39.3
328	Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping	112	55,124	9,846	14,528	17.9	26.4
329	Library clerks	298	150,020	17,351	26,208	11.6	17.5
335	File clerks	559	293,253	38,244	51,319	13.0	17.5
336	Records clerks	305	155,743	32,248	40,171	20.7	25.8
337	Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks	3,402	1,654,654	116,018	149,789	7.0	9.1
338	Payroll and timekeeping clerks	358	188,040	26,898	38,377	14.3	20.4
339	Billing clerks	273	137,671	20,606	25,825	15.0	18.8
343	Cost and rate clerks	184	95,642	14,627	16,946	15.3	17.7
344	Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators	102	54,818	4,823	5,543	8.8	10.1
345	Duplicating machine operators	36	19,862	2,525	3,744	12.7	18.8
346	Mail preparing and paper handling machine operators	16	7,713	4,044	4,044	52.4	52.4
347	Office machine operators, n.e.c.	68	35,444	2,476	3,017	7.0	8.5
348	Telephone operators	485	240,866	102,012	111,132	42.4	46.1
349	Telegraphers	15	4,435	2,986	3,418	67.3	77.1
353	Communications equipment operators, n.e.c.	11	5,744	0	0	0.0	0.0
354	Postal clerks, exc. mail carriers	517	249,766	186,926	217,650	74.8	87.1
355	Mail carriers, postal service	536	265,834	221,803	237,769	83.4	89.7
356	Mail clerks, exc. postal service	336	169,387	23,059	31,475	13.6	18.6
357	Messengers	228	120,397	12,388	14,035	10.3	11.7
359	Dispatchers	305	153,370	46,515	49,582	30.3	32.3
363	Production coordinators	331	182,334	32,995	41,783	18.1	22.9
364	Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks	787	427,938	138,639	149,181	32.4	34.9
365	Stock and inventory clerks	1,009	527,701	113,571	136,782	21.5	25.9
366	Meter readers	94	46,304	25,858	29,125	55.8	62.9
368	Weighers, measurers, and checkers	166	85,165	22,958	23,935	27.0	28.1
369	Samplers	2	1,038	0	0	0.0	0.0
373	Expediters	208	108,006	19,034	22,130	17.6	20.6
374	Material recording, scheduling, & distributing clerks, n.e.c.	58	32,667	5,237	7,976	16.0	24.4
375	Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators	360	195,471	8,337	12,883	4.3	6.6
376	Investigators and adjusters, except insurance	579	307,612	33,560	43,500	10.9	14.1
377	Eligibility clerks, social welfare	140	67,399	15,814	20,762	23.5	30.8
378	Bill and account collectors	194	102,348	9,147	11,651	8.9	11.4
379	General office clerks	1,231	626,763	108,294	136,074	17.3	21.7
383	Bank tellers	957	480,557	10,577	16,822	2.2	3.5
384	Proofreaders	49	26,806	1,500	1,500	5.6	5.6
385	Data-entry keyers	587	310,809	31,255	43,756	10.1	14.1
386	Statistical clerks	168	89,757	20,099	23,318	22.4	26.0
387	Teachers aides	714	353,436	90,889	128,007	25.7	36.2
389	Administrative support occupations, n.e.c.	939	470,766	56,256	74,529	11.9	15.8
	SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD	1,983	964,385	1,440	2,010	0.1	0.2
403	Launderers and ironers	4	1,660	0	0	0.0	0.0
404	Cooks, private household	38	16,030	0	0	0.0	0.0
405	Housekeepers and butlers	73	41,064	591	591	1.4	1.4
406	Child care workers, private household	876	408,540	849	1,419	0.2	0.3
407	Private household cleaners and servants	992	497,092	0	0	0.0	0.0
	SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, PROTECTIVE SERVICE	3,181	1,673,647	653,013	745,682	39.0	44.6
413	Supervisors, firefighting and fire prevention occupations	58	31,573	23,808	26,139	75.4	82.8
414	Supervisors, police and detectives	110	58,628	31,514	35,777	53.8	61.0
415	Supervisors, guards	56	29,294	3,544	4,339	12.1	14.8
416	Fire inspection and fire prevention occupations	37	16,171	8,362	8,841	51.7	54.7
417	Firefighting occupations	349	173,483	135,832	141,815	78.3	81.7
418	Police and detectives, public service	791	421,033	229,632	262,313	54.5	62.3
423	Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers	185	89,222	36,512	42,982	40.9	48.2
424	Correctional institution officers	270	145,289	63,884	76,089	44.0	52.4
425	Crossing guards	86	47,825	8,076	10,955	16.9	22.9
426	Guards and police, exc. public service	1,094	591,207	106,521	128,916	18.0	21.8
427	Protective service occupations, n.e.c.	145	69,923	5,330	7,515	7.6	10.7
	SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, EXC. PROTECTIVE & HOUSEHOLD	20,831	10,237,309	1,316,279	1,557,811	12.9	15.2
433	Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations	496	245,163	20,099	24,650	8.2	10.1
434	Bartenders	656	298,432	23,150	25,689	7.8	8.6
435	Waiters and waitresses	2,708	1,318,681	66,087	75,228	5.0	5.7
436	Cooks, except short order	2,667	1,278,702	92,386	114,368	7.2	8.9
437	Short-order cooks	200	99,913	3,294	4,136	3.3	4.2
438	Food counter, fountain and related occupations	641	324,848	9,241	10,073	2.8	3.1
439	Kitchen workers, food preparation	259	129,592	17,665	20,498	13.6	15.8
443	Waiters'/waitresses' assistants	699	360,019	40,999	47,343	11.4	13.2
444	Miscellaneous food preparation occupations	1,343	652,064	78,066	94,165	12.0	14.5
445	Dental assistants	302	156,894	1,705	2,905	1.1	1.9
446	Health aides, except nursing	610	314,663	43,565	56,901	13.8	18.1
447	Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants	2,455	1,249,812	239,644	287,835	19.2	23.0
448	Supervisors, cleaning and building service workers	255	117,873	18,333	24,523	15.6	20.8
449	Maids and housemen	1,104	506,191	89,385	103,668	17.7	20.5
453	Janitors and cleaners	3,944	1,970,872	443,849	518,083	22.5	26.3
454	Elevator operators	29	13,644	6,729	6,729	49.3	49.3
455	Pest control occupations	58	29,956	1,711	2,915	5.7	9.7
456	Supervisors, personal service occupations	91	45,832	1,339	1,921	2.9	4.2
457	Barbers	50	25,223	3,536	3,536	14.0	14.0
458	Hairdressers and cosmetologists	663	345,251	7,670	10,492	2.2	3.0
459	Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities	333	130,457	4,586	6,170	3.5	4.7
463	Guides	65	26,737	3,416	4,602	12.8	17.2
464	Ushers	48	24,837	4,006	4,006	16.1	16.1
465	Public transportation attendants	117	60,509	49,516	50,129	81.8	82.8
466	Baggage porters and bellhops	49	18,909	6,689	6,808	35.4	36.0
467	Welfare service aides	164	82,936	10,437	13,620	12.6	16.4
468	Child care workers, except private household	579	287,734	14,037	19,464	4.9	6.8
469	Personal service occupations, n.e.c.	246	121,567	15,140	17,355	12.5	14.3
	FARMING, FORESTRY, AND FISHING OCCUPATIONS	3,648	1,774,818	97,900	121,775	5.5	6.9
473	Farmers, except horticultural	23	9,638	467	467	4.8	4.8
474	Horticultural specialty farmers	0
475	Managers, farms, except horticultural	78	40,774	0	0	0.0	0.0
476	Managers, horticultural specialty farms	6	2,661	0	0	0.0	0.0
477	Supervisors, farm workers	70	36,978	1,933	3,762	5.2	10.2
479	Farm workers	1,881	885,971	29,586	31,506	3.3	3.6
483	Marine life cultivation workers	3	1,428	0	0	0.0	0.0
484	Nursery workers	36	18,029	320	320	1.8	1.8
485	Supervisors, related agricultural occupations	132	70,258	3,256	6,309	4.6	9.0
486	Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm	976	510,439	48,813	63,104	9.6	12.4
487	Animal caretakers, except farm	151	77,045	2,468	3,416	3.2	4.4
488	Graders and sorters, agricultural products	23	11,247	1,868	1,868	16.6	16.6
489	Inspectors, agricultural products	1	640	0	0	0.0	0.0
494	Supervisors, forestry and logging workers	13	6,490	538	595	8.3	9.2
495	Forestry workers, except logging	54	20,308	1,159	1,159	5.7	5.7
496	Timber cutting and logging occupations	155	64,924	6,512	7,192	10.0	11.1
497	Captains and other officers, fishing vessels	9	4,846	0	0	0.0	0.0
498	Fishers	37	13,141	980	2,078	7.5	15.8
499	Hunters and trappers	0
	PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAFT, & REPAIR OCCUPATIONS	14,205	7,262,540	2,255,674	2,472,612	31.1	34.1
503	Supervisors, mechanics and repairers	500	250,589	41,096	53,944	16.4	21.5
505	Automobile mechanics	1,172	613,494	82,670	92,335	13.5	15.1
506	Automobile mechanic apprentices	5	2,911	729	1,412	25.1	48.5
507	Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics	575	273,861	96,440	103,833	35.2	37.9
508	Aircraft engine mechanics	179	88,867	49,604	54,612	55.8	61.5
509	Small engine repairers	106	52,482	6,391	7,631	12.2	14.5
514	Automobile body and related repairers	269	133,971	13,612	14,622	10.2	10.9
515	Aircraft mechanics, exc. engine	25	14,838	10,027	10,991	67.6	74.1
516	Heavy equipment mechanics	333	151,770	75,909	77,837	50.0	51.3
517	Farm equipment mechanics	98	42,119	2,401	2,401	5.7	5.7
518	Industry machinery repairers	955	505,009	216,905	234,186	43.0	46.4
519	Machinery maintenance occupations	71	31,421	15,714	16,441	50.0	52.3
523	Electronic repairers, communications & industrial equipment	240	128,072	25,287	29,327	19.7	22.9
525	Data processing equipment repairers	183	100,197	10,504	13,301	10.5	13.3
526	Household appliance and power tool repairers	71	35,548	6,324	7,659	17.8	21.5
527	Telephone line installers and repairers	121	60,883	43,678	48,131	71.7	79.1
529	Telephone Installers and repairers	468	243,045	192,386	203,547	79.2	83.7
533	Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment repairers	113	61,289	31,316	34,466	51.1	56.2
534	Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics	314	161,215	41,734	48,068	25.9	29.8
535	Camera, watch, and musical instrument repairers	50	25,508	6,522	6,522	25.6	25.6
536	Locksmiths and safe repairers	16	9,557	516	516	5.4	5.4
538	Office machine repairers	118	63,598	4,148	6,232	6.5	9.8
539	Mechanical controls and valve repairers	61	29,225	10,841	13,891	37.1	47.5
543	Elevator installers and repairers	43	22,317	17,289	17,817	77.5	79.8
544	Millwrights	182	94,099	68,283	69,553	72.6	73.9
547	Specified mechanics and repairers, n.e.c.	611	304,152	95,841	101,667	31.5	33.4
549	Not specified mechanics and repairers	318	161,643	52,648	56,672	32.6	35.1
613	Supervisors, extractive occupations	120	46,929	1,589	2,592	3.4	5.5
614	Drillers, oil well	130	56,145	3,676	5,343	6.5	9.5
615	Explosives workers	19	6,665	3,175	3,175	47.6	47.6
616	Mining machine operators	90	31,658	20,473	21,682	64.7	68.6
617	Mining occupations, n.e.c.	101	39,265	15,751	17,470	40.1	44.5
633	Supervisors, production occupations	2,331	1,200,111	145,769	189,662	12.1	15.8
634	Tool and die makers	243	136,383	61,935	65,908	45.4	48.3
635	Tool and die maker apprentices	11	7,088	1,515	2,260	21.4	31.9
636	Precision assemblers, metal	10	6,101	4,255	4,255	69.7	69.7
637	Machinists	830	454,371	200,683	212,603	44.2	46.8
639	Machinist apprentices	11	5,153	2,562	2,562	49.7	49.7
643	Boilermakers	69	35,793	24,104	24,189	67.3	67.6
644	Precision grinders, filers, and tool sharpeners	32	15,650	7,448	7,448	47.6	47.6
645	Patternmakers and model makers, metal	12	7,163	2,605	3,156	36.4	44.1
646	Lay-out workers	31	15,401	9,352	9,352	60.7	60.7
647	Precious stones and metals workers (jewelers)	52	22,655	2,924	3,514	12.9	15.5
649	Engravers, metal	20	10,271	1,957	2,535	19.1	24.7
653	Sheet metal workers	234	127,717	69,601	74,036	54.5	58.0
654	Sheet metal worker apprentices	7	3,624	2,045	2,626	56.4	72.4
655	Miscellaneous precision metal workers	2	1,241	1,241	1,241	100.0	100.0
656	Patternmakers and model makers, wood	6	3,382	0	0	0.0	0.0
657	Cabinet makers and bench carpenters	49	26,048	7,102	7,756	27.3	29.8
658	Furniture and wood finishers	38	21,218	5,446	5,446	25.7	25.7
659	Miscellaneous precision woodworkers	1	196	0	0	0.0	0.0
666	Dressmakers	117	59,192	10,406	10,406	17.6	17.6
667	Tailors	70	38,147	10,793	10,793	28.3	28.3
668	Upholsterers	61	35,417	2,939	3,601	8.3	10.4
669	Shoe repairers	38	17,593	1,672	1,672	9.5	9.5
673	Apparel and fabric patternmakers	1	193	0	0	0.0	0.0
674	Miscellaneous precision apparel and fabric workers	4	2,885	0	806	0.0	27.9
675	Hand molders and shapers, except jewelers	24	10,899	2,837	2,837	26.0	26.0
676	Patternmakers, lay-out workers, and cutters	39	22,683	6,541	7,124	28.8	31.4
677	Optical goods workers	88	43,334	4,876	4,876	11.3	11.3
678	Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians	67	33,892	3,867	3,867	11.4	11.4
679	Bookbinders	60	32,110	7,820	8,604	24.4	26.8
683	Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers	437	242,024	73,897	78,965	30.5	32.6
684	Miscellaneous precision workers, n.e.c.	40	21,591	4,402	5,155	20.4	23.9
686	Butchers and meat cutters	538	259,055	106,907	115,599	41.3	44.6
687	Bakers	179	92,845	27,514	28,616	29.6	30.8
688	Food batchmakers	50	24,334	4,677	4,677	19.2	19.2
689	Inspectors, testers, and graders	228	122,709	54,391	56,911	44.3	46.4
693	Adjusters and calibrators	20	11,340	5,319	6,005	46.9	53.0
694	Water and sewage treatment plant operators	72	33,926	13,635	15,263	40.2	45.0
695	Power plant operators	105	52,567	29,644	33,002	56.4	62.8
696	Stationary engineers	232	123,709	54,364	57,306	43.9	46.5
699	Miscellaneous plant and system operators	89	40,185	15,146	20,103	37.7	50.0
	CONSTRUCTION TRADES	6,473	3,279,380	1,209,839	1,287,616	36.9	39.3
553	Supervisors; brickmasons, stonemasons, and tile setters	9	4,732	757	1,280	16.0	27.0
554	Supervisors; carpenters and related workers	45	21,558	9,245	9,834	42.9	45.6
555	Supervisors; electricians and power transmission installers	70	33,601	15,465	18,372	46.0	54.7
556	Supervisors; painters, paperhangers, and plasterers	10	5,270	2,906	2,906	55.1	55.1
557	Supervisors; plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	27	14,484	6,880	7,257	47.5	50.1
558	Supervisors; n.e.c.	582	295,684	86,972	93,864	29.4	31.7
563	Brickmasons and stonemasons	200	101,073	44,677	47,666	44.2	47.2
564	Brickmason and stonemason apprentices	6	2,798	1,262	1,262	45.1	45.1
565	Tile setters, hard and soft	48	30,377	10,788	11,045	35.5	36.4
566	Carpet installers	93	51,097	8,760	9,385	17.1	18.4
567	Carpenters	1,580	784,458	215,312	230,579	27.4	29.5
569	Carpenter apprentices	18	9,805	3,848	5,066	39.2	51.7
573	Drywall installers	128	62,848	20,013	21,823	31.8	34.7
575	Electricians	1,049	531,547	289,108	304,671	54.4	57.4
576	Electrician apprentices	45	22,584	5,876	7,015	26.0	31.1
577	Electrical power installers and repairers	222	103,380	64,262	68,097	62.2	65.9
579	Painters, construction and maintenance	587	307,806	57,831	62,667	18.8	20.4
583	Paperhangers	23	11,988	1,359	1,359	11.3	11.3
584	Plasterers	49	28,325	8,872	9,104	31.3	32.1
585	Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	721	365,636	179,209	184,852	49.0	50.6
587	Plumber, pipefitter, and steamfitter apprentices	29	13,871	4,971	4,971	35.8	35.8
588	Concrete and terrazzo finishers	121	55,777	17,607	19,245	31.6	34.5
589	Glaziers	64	34,930	14,178	14,178	40.6	40.6
593	Insulation workers	87	48,935	21,245	23,011	43.4	47.0
594	Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	14	6,184	3,188	3,188	51.6	51.6
595	Roofers	169	98,633	18,481	18,481	18.7	18.7
596	Sheetmetal duct installers	49	24,727	8,676	9,041	35.1	36.6
597	Structural metal workers	113	56,480	39,808	41,329	70.5	73.2
598	Drillers, earth	27	11,332	2,529	2,529	22.3	22.3
599	Construction trades, n.e.c.	288	139,461	45,754	53,540	32.8	38.4
	MACHINE OPERATORS, ASSEMBLERS, AND INSPECTORS	14,180	7,536,748	2,783,597	2,972,966	36.9	39.4
703	Lathe and turning machine set-up operators	57	30,030	17,654	19,362	58.8	64.5
704	Lathe and turning machine operators	134	78,543	28,606	30,563	36.4	38.9
705	Milling and planing machine operators	35	18,894	7,632	8,219	40.4	43.5
706	Punching and stamping press machine operators	205	118,041	65,034	68,383	55.1	57.9
707	Rolling machine operators	37	20,119	14,990	15,590	74.5	77.5
708	Drilling and boring machine operators	53	34,627	16,723	17,375	48.3	50.2
709	Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators	263	148,881	73,782	77,557	49.6	52.1
713	Forging machine operators	31	16,107	12,779	12,779	79.3	79.3
714	Numerical control machine operators	3	1,826	674	674	36.9	36.9
715	Misc. metal, plastic, stone, & glass working machine operators	74	40,852	19,449	22,177	47.6	54.3
717	Fabricating machine operators, n.e.c.	51	30,392	10,308	10,876	33.9	35.8
719	Molding and casting machine operators	184	98,975	33,327	34,643	33.7	35.0
723	Metal plating machine operators	74	39,754	8,258	8,258	20.8	20.8
724	Heat treating equipment operators	30	15,669	9,049	9,593	57.7	61.2
725	Miscellaneous metal and plastic processing machine operators	27	14,211	5,947	6,183	41.8	43.5
726	Wood lathe, routing, and planing machine operators	28	11,112	1,472	1,554	13.2	14.0
727	Sawing machine operators	186	82,751	14,081	14,459	17.0	17.5
728	Shaping and joining machine operators	12	5,371	628	628	11.7	11.7
729	Nail and tacking machine operators	13	7,853	0	0	0.0	0.0
733	Miscellaneous woodworking machine operators	42	23,435	1,644	2,025	7.0	8.6
734	Printing machine operators	540	287,054	87,308	95,631	30.4	33.3
735	Photoengravers and lithographers	73	40,607	16,403	18,003	40.4	44.3
736	Typesetters and compositors	133	68,289	9,881	11,774	14.5	17.2
737	Miscellaneous printing machine operators	76	35,925	9,353	10,521	26.0	29.3
738	Winding and twisting machine operators	166	98,725	11,119	17,483	11.3	17.7
739	Knitting, looping, taping, and weaving machine operators	76	41,511	5,359	5,990	12.9	14.4
743	Textile cutting machine operators	12	4,841	2,014	2,014	41.6	41.6
744	Textile sewing machine operators	1,430	787,551	220,139	238,224	28.0	30.2
745	Shoe machine operators	211	80,919	24,512	25,400	30.3	31.4
747	Pressing machine operators	277	145,968	45,750	47,625	31.3	32.6
748	Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators	336	153,781	24,001	25,302	15.6	16.5
749	Miscellaneous textile machine operators	132	75,727	13,439	14,264	17.7	18.8
753	Cementing and gluing machine operators	71	41,046	14,612	18,195	35.6	44.3
754	Packaging and filling machine operators	736	387,038	148,440	158,332	38.4	40.9
755	Extruding and forming machine operators	55	28,721	11,683	11,683	40.7	40.7
756	Mixing and blending machine operators	201	114,143	41,368	45,611	36.2	40.0
757	Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators	129	64,434	36,233	38,993	56.2	60.5
758	Compressing and compacting machine operators	42	24,915	10,725	10,994	43.0	44.1
759	Painting and paint spraying machine operators	329	186,283	59,005	61,256	31.7	32.9
763	Roasting and baking machine operators, food	9	4,854	3,519	4,247	72.5	87.5
764	Washing, cleaning, and pickling machine operators	22	10,252	3,464	3,464	33.8	33.8
765	Folding machine operators	41	22,559	8,807	9,844	39.0	43.6
766	Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, exc. food	212	104,574	64,979	69,035	62.1	66.0
768	Crushing and grinding machine operators	91	42,914	13,789	14,998	32.1	34.9
769	Slicing and cutting machine operators	346	188,551	74,355	77,900	39.4	41.3
773	Motion picture projectionists	19	10,816	5,181	5,181	47.9	47.9
774	Photographic process machine operators	161	83,418	5,361	6,005	6.4	7.2
777	Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c.	1,594	853,673	388,006	407,643	45.5	47.8
779	Machine operators, not specified	565	291,734	126,818	137,140	43.5	47.0
783	Welders and cutters	1,002	517,850	230,466	247,307	44.5	47.8
784	Solderers and brazers	71	37,431	8,962	9,639	23.9	25.8
785	Assemblers	1,660	906,919	385,585	403,740	42.5	44.5
786	Hand cutting and trimming occupations	44	19,314	5,291	6,677	27.4	34.6
787	Hand molding, casting, and forming occupations	37	18,690	8,029	8,137	43.0	43.5
789	Hand painting, coating, and decorating occupations	57	26,848	7,751	8,141	28.9	30.3
793	Hand engraving and printing occupations	28	13,885	2,584	2,584	18.6	18.6
794	Hand grinding and polishing occupations	9	5,385	581	581	10.8	10.8
795	Miscellaneous hand working occupations	119	59,647	10,834	10,834	18.2	18.2
796	Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners	1,194	640,976	237,829	259,256	37.1	40.4
797	Production testers	103	55,096	16,943	19,652	30.8	35.7
798	Production samplers and weighers	20	9,156	2,620	2,896	28.6	31.6
799	Graders and sorters, exc. agricultural	212	107,284	38,463	39,871	35.9	37.2
	TRANSPORTATION AND MATERIAL MOVING OCCUPATIONS	7,708	3,821,706	1,469,969	1,577,218	38.5	41.3
803	Supervisors, motor vehicle operators	60	31,808	7,978	7,978	25.1	25.1
804	Truck drivers, heavy	3,085	1,532,089	545,534	583,595	35.6	38.1
805	Truck drivers, light	776	397,007	80,995	88,383	20.4	22.3
806	Driver-sales workers	352	178,318	69,164	71,022	38.8	39.8
808	Bus drivers	718	359,366	145,325	168,116	40.4	46.8
809	Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs	216	108,772	15,527	18,129	14.3	16.7
813	Parking lot attendants	81	43,438	12,413	12,899	28.6	29.7
814	Motor transportation occupations, n.e.c.	6	2,164	369	369	17.1	17.1
823	Railroad conductors and yardmasters	67	31,074	29,779	29,779	95.8	95.8
824	Locomotive operating occupations	140	61,202	54,991	57,365	89.9	93.7
825	Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators	115	50,578	47,956	49,183	94.8	97.2
826	Rail vehicle operators, n.e.c.	17	8,452	7,683	7,683	90.9	90.9
828	Ship captains and mates, except fishing boats	61	29,580	9,278	10,559	31.4	35.7
829	Sailors and deckhands	33	17,266	7,913	10,563	45.8	61.2
833	Marine engineers	1	572	572	572	100.0	100.0
834	Bridge, lock, and lighthouse tenders	11	4,121	1,576	1,576	38.2	38.2
843	Supervisors, material moving equipment operators	23	11,380	1,635	2,272	14.4	20.0
844	Operating engineers	297	141,312	65,598	71,727	46.4	50.8
845	Longshore equipment operators	4	2,967	2,967	2,967	100.0	100.0
848	Hoist and winch operators	75	26,812	3,057	3,881	11.4	14.5
849	Crane and tower operators	177	92,634	68,970	70,613	74.5	76.2
853	Excavating and loading machine operators	181	76,265	26,428	27,970	34.7	36.7
855	Grader, dozer, and scraper operators	224	100,757	25,828	29,324	25.6	29.1
856	Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators	680	368,130	175,181	182,069	47.6	49.5
859	Miscellaneous material moving equipment operators	308	145,643	63,250	68,623	43.4	47.3
	HANDLERS, EQUIPMENT CLEANERS, HELPERS, & LABORERS	7,844	4,057,987	1,198,423	1,288,494	29.5	31.8
863	Supervisors, handlers, equipment cleaners, & laborers, n.e.c.	11	6,658	917	917	13.8	13.8
864	Helpers, mechanics and repairers	61	31,088	10,589	10,750	34.1	34.6
865	Helpers, construction trades	268	148,846	22,959	26,108	15.4	17.5
866	Helpers, surveyor	20	10,186	1,102	1,102	10.8	10.8
867	Helpers, extractive occupations	5	2,830	1,311	1,311	46.3	46.3
869	Construction laborers	1,170	591,144	181,987	197,172	30.8	33.4
873	Production helpers	138	73,812	31,763	35,046	43.0	47.5
875	Garbage collectors	113	62,574	21,639	23,173	34.6	37.0
876	Stevedores	50	27,342	24,130	24,265	88.3	88.7
877	Stock handlers and baggers	1,559	809,783	213,850	232,939	26.4	28.8
878	Machine feeders and offbearers	160	83,197	35,787	37,781	43.0	45.4
883	Freight, stock, and material handlers, n.e.c.	926	488,169	190,795	201,808	39.1	41.4
885	Garage and service station related occupations	559	272,546	14,216	16,543	5.2	6.1
887	Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners	336	170,963	34,881	37,590	20.4	22.0
888	Hand packers and packagers	528	277,991	78,251	81,908	28.1	29.5
889	Laborers, except construction	1,940	1,000,858	334,247	360,079	33.4	36.0
Data Sources: Current Population Survey (CPS) Outgoing Rotation Group (ORG) Earnings Files, 1983. Sample includes
employed wage and salary workers, ages 16 and over. Variable definitions are: COC=1980 Census occupation code
used in CPS, Obs=CPS sample size, Employment=wage and salary employment, Members=employed workers who are
union members, Covered=workers covered by a collective bargaining agreement, %Mem=percent of employed workers
who are union members, and %Cov=percent of employed workers who are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
© 2002 by Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson.  The use of data requires citation.