Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by Occupation, 1986 (details in table note)
COC	Occupation Name	Obs	Employment	Members	Covered	%Mem	%Cov
	EXECUTIVE, ADMINISTRATIVE, & MANAGERIAL OCCUPATIONS	19,187	10,306,312	677,125	922,092	6.6	8.9
3	Legislators	29	14,347	1,249	1,816	8.7	12.7
4	Chief executives and general administrators, public admin.	25	12,588	612	1,275	4.9	10.1
5	Administrators and officials, public administration	958	465,450	69,597	107,366	15.0	23.1
6	Administrators, protective services	73	35,858	8,616	11,819	24.0	33.0
7	Financial managers	757	400,794	3,691	9,913	0.9	2.5
8	Personnel and labor relations managers	196	111,030	3,009	5,430	2.7	4.9
9	Purchasing managers	187	101,989	4,950	7,532	4.9	7.4
13	Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations	760	429,962	4,480	12,680	1.0	2.9
14	Administrators, education and related fields	940	476,831	92,207	122,730	19.3	25.7
15	Managers, medicine and health	233	119,067	10,717	18,728	9.0	15.7
16	Managers, properties and real estate	477	266,501	14,101	15,564	5.3	5.8
17	Postmasters and mail superintendents	98	39,362	12,334	15,092	31.3	38.3
18	Funeral directors	35	19,276	1,506	1,906	7.8	9.9
19	Managers and administrators, n.e.c.	8,566	4,649,389	208,697	262,263	4.5	5.6
23	Accountants and auditors	2,089	1,130,540	64,471	100,106	5.7	8.9
24	Underwriters	119	68,789	1,687	2,488	2.5	3.6
25	Other financial officers	1,040	558,095	14,932	23,096	2.7	4.1
26	Management analysts	206	111,071	3,497	7,912	3.1	7.1
27	Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists	655	353,358	35,261	45,768	10.0	13.0
28	Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products	26	12,287	1,375	2,093	11.2	17.0
29	Buyers, wholesale and retail trade except farm products	329	188,452	4,853	5,143	2.6	2.7
33	Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c.	444	236,330	13,091	16,264	5.5	6.9
34	Business and promotion agents	25	15,441	1,387	2,253	9.0	14.6
35	Construction inspectors	97	50,059	22,743	25,040	45.4	50.0
36	Inspectors and compliance officers, exc. construction	348	188,298	62,351	70,526	33.1	37.5
37	Management related occupations, n.e.c.	475	251,147	15,711	27,288	6.3	10.9
	PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS	15,234	8,117,565	880,244	1,149,706	10.8	14.2
43	Architects	160	88,137	3,264	4,233	3.7	4.8
44	Aerospace engineers	148	95,086	5,123	8,915	5.4	9.4
45	Metallurgical and materials engineers	48	26,126	2,798	4,227	10.7	16.2
46	Mining engineers	18	9,908	0	0	0.0	0.0
47	Petroleum engineers	51	28,378	0	0	0.0	0.0
48	Chemical engineers	115	55,756	2,006	2,996	3.6	5.4
49	Nuclear engineers	18	9,373	542	813	5.8	8.7
53	Civil engineers	383	212,109	25,739	33,866	12.1	16.0
54	Agricultural engineers	7	4,081	531	531	13.0	13.0
55	Electrical and electronic engineers	909	515,969	34,004	45,828	6.6	8.9
56	Industrial engineers	349	194,441	11,941	15,930	6.1	8.2
57	Mechanical engineers	512	284,771	21,723	25,866	7.6	9.1
58	Marine and naval architects engineers	23	14,212	6,592	6,592	46.4	46.4
59	Engineers, n.e.c.	385	211,558	9,929	16,108	4.7	7.6
63	Surveyors and mapping scientists	34	19,979	1,335	1,704	6.7	8.5
64	Computer systems analysts and scientists	624	345,810	12,216	21,544	3.5	6.2
65	Operations and systems researchers and analysts	374	209,809	11,552	20,369	5.5	9.7
66	Actuaries	29	17,263	0	0	0.0	0.0
67	Statisticians	55	26,852	2,196	4,295	8.2	16.0
68	Mathematical scientists, n.e.c.	10	6,099	0	0	0.0	0.0
69	Physicists and astronomers	47	25,081	0	2,720	0.0	10.8
73	Chemists, except biochemists	216	119,067	8,238	11,037	6.9	9.3
74	Atmospheric and space scientists	24	11,860	884	2,315	7.5	19.5
75	Geologists and geodesists	73	37,420	485	1,118	1.3	3.0
76	Physical scientists, n.e.c.	24	11,112	1,304	1,550	11.7	13.9
77	Agricultural and food scientists	53	24,780	3,020	3,523	12.2	14.2
78	Biological and life scientists	118	64,024	6,002	9,900	9.4	15.5
79	Forestry and conservation scientists	74	33,621	7,321	10,571	21.8	31.4
83	Medical scientists	49	28,865	1,444	1,947	5.0	6.7
84	Physicians	433	232,960	15,542	24,639	6.7	10.6
85	Dentists	26	13,901	0	0	0.0	0.0
86	Veterinarians	32	14,901	0	252	0.0	1.7
87	Optometrists	13	6,644	0	0	0.0	0.0
88	Podiatrists	1	560	0	0	0.0	0.0
89	Health diagnosing practitioners, n.e.c.	4	1,681	0	0	0.0	0.0
95	Registered nurses	2,873	1,482,042	232,336	299,780	15.7	20.2
96	Pharmacists	243	133,729	13,241	14,873	9.9	11.1
97	Dietitians	133	68,850	4,546	7,771	6.6	11.3
98	Inhalation therapists	135	78,176	6,349	10,072	8.1	12.9
99	Occupational therapists	44	22,523	2,911	3,659	12.9	16.2
103	Physical therapists	107	54,535	4,280	4,386	7.8	8.0
104	Speech therapists	104	51,274	16,472	24,699	32.1	48.2
105	Therapists, n.e.c.	74	36,571	6,828	7,431	18.7	20.3
106	Physicians' assistants	87	43,719	11,289	11,289	25.8	25.8
163	Counselors, educational and vocational	335	170,989	67,483	82,582	39.5	48.3
164	Librarians	378	191,437	39,336	51,675	20.5	27.0
165	Archivists and curators	31	16,258	831	1,569	5.1	9.6
166	Economists	188	100,632	0	2,878	0.0	2.9
167	Psychologists	233	122,295	26,137	32,043	21.4	26.2
168	Sociologists	4	2,437	815	1,756	33.4	72.1
169	Social scientists, n.e.c.	39	19,352	1,539	1,539	8.0	8.0
173	Urban planners	27	15,360	2,124	2,860	13.8	18.6
174	Social workers	891	471,171	131,307	148,992	27.9	31.6
175	Recreation workers	163	80,968	6,117	9,503	7.6	11.7
176	Clergy	495	250,837	3,636	7,264	1.4	2.9
177	Religious workers, n.e.c.	134	69,985	0	507	0.0	0.7
178	Lawyers	683	336,694	14,606	20,478	4.3	6.1
179	Judges	61	30,101	1,162	2,814	3.9	9.3
183	Authors	25	10,709	1,853	2,819	17.3	26.3
184	Technical writers	68	41,935	3,027	4,170	7.2	9.9
185	Designers	651	358,765	12,070	17,763	3.4	5.0
186	Musicians and composers	151	81,499	13,531	14,390	16.6	17.7
187	Actors and directors	119	62,277	7,750	9,185	12.4	14.7
188	Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist print-makers	162	92,820	6,999	10,247	7.5	11.0
189	Photographers	112	67,467	6,661	8,398	9.9	12.4
193	Dancers	23	12,605	1,368	1,368	10.9	10.9
194	Artists, performers, and related workers, n.e.c.	92	47,637	3,326	3,326	7.0	7.0
195	Editors and reporters	458	237,166	20,511	25,974	8.6	11.0
197	Public relations specialists	273	149,892	5,598	7,348	3.7	4.9
198	Announcers	97	46,633	4,253	5,044	9.1	10.8
199	Athletes	102	56,032	4,222	5,866	7.5	10.5
	TEACHERS, POSTSECONDARY	1,232	633,677	103,089	151,062	16.3	23.8
113	Earth, environmental, and marine science teachers	11	4,789	1,093	1,462	22.8	30.5
114	Biological science teachers	49	26,366	4,217	8,428	16.0	32.0
115	Chemistry teachers	27	17,289	917	2,357	5.3	13.6
116	Physics teachers	30	12,805	1,563	2,639	12.2	20.6
117	Natural science teachers, n.e.c.	5	2,301	1,034	1,098	45.0	47.7
118	Psychology teachers	25	11,777	5,328	5,328	45.2	45.2
119	Economics teachers	31	15,273	3,575	3,828	23.4	25.1
123	History teachers	35	20,764	4,861	4,861	23.4	23.4
124	Political science teachers	14	7,105	1,766	2,372	24.8	33.4
125	Sociology teachers	23	13,633	1,949	3,309	14.3	24.3
126	Social science teachers, n.e.c.	10	4,076	1,347	1,347	33.1	33.1
127	Engineering teachers	53	27,147	1,661	2,871	6.1	10.6
128	Mathematical science teachers	83	45,535	5,639	13,017	12.4	28.6
129	Computer science teachers	31	16,497	509	2,298	3.1	13.9
133	Medical science teachers	24	13,503	626	3,080	4.6	22.8
134	Health specialties teachers	65	32,095	7,436	9,892	23.2	30.8
135	Business, commerce, and marketing teachers	55	26,830	4,556	7,112	17.0	26.5
136	Agriculture and forestry teachers	11	3,964	456	1,219	11.5	30.8
137	Art, drama, and music teachers	87	41,814	9,175	15,026	21.9	35.9
138	Physical education teachers	17	9,511	1,494	2,256	15.7	23.7
139	Education teachers	13	6,790	1,903	2,744	28.0	40.4
143	English teachers	88	46,690	10,218	13,387	21.9	28.7
144	Foreign language teachers	36	17,921	2,842	2,842	15.9	15.9
145	Law teachers	21	11,204	987	1,504	8.8	13.4
146	Social work teachers	1	590	0	0	0.0	0.0
147	Theology teachers	22	12,161	1,586	2,894	13.0	23.8
148	Trade and industrial teachers	4	1,600	0	879	0.0	54.9
149	Home economics teachers	1	123	0	0	0.0	0.0
153	Teachers, postsecondary, n.e.c.	12	4,977	510	510	10.3	10.3
154	Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified	348	178,546	25,840	32,500	14.5	18.2
	TEACHERS, EXCEPT POSTSECONDARY	6,660	3,434,176	1,667,353	1,990,287	48.6	58.0
155	Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten	666	349,338	66,790	91,802	19.1	26.3
156	Teachers, elementary school	2,603	1,328,643	725,545	859,946	54.6	64.7
157	Teachers, secondary school	2,343	1,206,154	692,641	825,593	57.4	68.4
158	Teachers, special education	426	218,489	142,870	165,082	65.4	75.6
159	Teachers, n.e.c.	622	331,551	39,506	47,864	11.9	14.4
	TECHNICIANS AND RELATED SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS	6,134	3,286,309	363,413	457,818	11.1	13.9
203	Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	543	289,506	25,472	34,812	8.8	12.0
204	Dental hygienists	114	56,805	3,259	3,518	5.7	6.2
205	Health record technologists and technicians	81	46,264	3,263	5,499	7.1	11.9
206	Radiologic technicians	210	113,356	8,100	12,030	7.1	10.6
207	Licensed practical nurses	779	410,123	52,889	60,186	12.9	14.7
208	Health technologists and technicians, n.e.c.	371	205,131	18,198	22,680	8.9	11.1
213	Electrical and electronic technicians	574	315,121	45,413	56,131	14.4	17.8
214	Industrial engineering technicians	7	4,330	882	882	20.4	20.4
215	Mechanical engineering technicians	16	8,544	1,110	1,725	13.0	20.2
216	Engineering technicians, n.e.c.	406	223,713	33,137	42,334	14.8	18.9
217	Drafting occupations	487	269,609	26,678	32,883	9.9	12.2
218	Surveying and mapping technicians	151	76,946	12,147	14,850	15.8	19.3
223	Biological technicians	98	48,553	3,931	4,672	8.1	9.6
224	Chemical technicians	157	76,738	13,910	17,851	18.1	23.3
225	Science technicians, n.e.c.	136	73,665	6,979	9,565	9.5	13.0
226	Airplane pilots and navigators	139	77,922	33,389	37,476	42.8	48.1
227	Air traffic controllers	61	32,725	7,863	8,693	24.0	26.6
228	Broadcast equipment operators	37	19,604	1,657	1,657	8.5	8.5
229	Computer programmers	987	539,123	25,965	41,512	4.8	7.7
233	Tool programmers, numerical control	8	4,643	1,440	1,440	31.0	31.0
234	Legal assistants	329	168,356	8,180	12,657	4.9	7.5
235	Technicians, n.e.c.	443	225,530	29,553	34,765	13.1	15.4
	SALES OCCUPATIONS	19,581	10,587,845	656,068	750,903	6.2	7.1
243	Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations	4,096	2,204,133	134,067	155,103	6.1	7.0
253	Insurance sales occupations	695	384,796	13,546	20,490	3.5	5.3
254	Real estate sales occupations	723	400,250	9,283	15,834	2.3	4.0
255	Securities and financial services sales occupations	410	226,034	3,006	3,770	1.3	1.7
256	Advertising and related sales occupations	234	121,388	7,202	10,532	5.9	8.7
257	Sales occupations, other business services	873	480,418	22,618	29,567	4.7	6.2
258	Sales engineers	47	25,605	0	0	0.0	0.0
259	Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale	2,310	1,286,275	28,218	35,728	2.2	2.8
263	Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats	470	247,852	2,972	6,886	1.2	2.8
264	Sales workers, apparel	839	445,243	13,676	14,415	3.1	3.2
265	Sales workers, shoes	202	111,456	4,677	4,677	4.2	4.2
266	Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings	263	144,147	1,631	3,929	1.1	2.7
267	Sales workers, radio, TV, hi-fi, and appliances	280	154,855	3,944	4,615	2.5	3.0
268	Sales workers, hardware and building supplies	365	184,401	2,610	3,220	1.4	1.7
269	Sales workers, parts	316	170,821	6,966	7,890	4.1	4.6
274	Sales workers, other commodities	2,484	1,313,278	56,855	66,272	4.3	5.0
275	Sales counter clerks	278	148,589	3,261	4,895	2.2	3.3
276	Cashiers	4,158	2,241,487	330,558	351,247	14.7	15.7
277	Street and door-to-door sales workers	309	168,626	4,283	4,283	2.5	2.5
278	News vendors	137	75,296	3,104	3,957	4.1	5.3
283	Demonstrators, promoters and models, sales	61	35,256	1,996	1,996	5.7	5.7
284	Auctioneers	6	3,021	543	543	18.0	18.0
285	Sales support occupations, n.e.c.	25	14,618	1,052	1,052	7.2	7.2
	ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, INC. CLERICAL	32,025	17,172,208	2,320,184	2,791,321	13.5	16.3
303	Supervisors, general office	832	430,107	37,410	56,085	8.7	13.0
304	Supervisors, computer equipment operators	87	47,407	2,595	3,865	5.5	8.2
305	Supervisors, financial records processing	166	92,140	7,674	8,856	8.3	9.6
306	Chief communications operators	7	3,281	514	514	15.7	15.7
307	Supervisors; distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks	288	155,326	29,592	36,496	19.1	23.5
308	Computer operators	1,471	829,820	86,047	98,196	10.4	11.8
309	Peripheral equipment operators	12	7,408	1,388	1,388	18.7	18.7
313	Secretaries	7,426	3,885,752	269,441	371,012	6.9	9.5
314	Stenographers	75	38,486	12,520	15,281	32.5	39.7
315	Typists	1,572	844,445	115,953	139,367	13.7	16.5
316	Interviewers	328	170,035	7,207	11,507	4.2	6.8
317	Hotel clerks	165	74,007	6,058	6,885	8.2	9.3
318	Transportation ticket and reservation agents	217	113,071	28,400	31,664	25.1	28.0
319	Receptionists	1,295	709,915	28,089	36,145	4.0	5.1
323	Information clerks, n.e.c.	362	196,521	13,607	17,191	6.9	8.7
325	Classified-ad clerks	8	4,011	0	0	0.0	0.0
326	Correspondence clerks	31	17,793	2,646	3,526	14.9	19.8
327	Order clerks	358	196,799	56,841	64,736	28.9	32.9
328	Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping	114	59,981	4,037	4,786	6.7	8.0
329	Library clerks	272	135,686	13,629	17,631	10.0	13.0
335	File clerks	557	311,685	32,871	39,277	10.5	12.6
336	Records clerks	202	113,309	21,735	26,400	19.2	23.3
337	Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks	3,341	1,747,232	95,037	115,975	5.4	6.6
338	Payroll and timekeeping clerks	312	169,104	22,612	30,490	13.4	18.0
339	Billing clerks	280	157,433	23,022	24,325	14.6	15.5
343	Cost and rate clerks	161	83,214	7,266	8,720	8.7	10.5
344	Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators	84	47,869	1,642	2,204	3.4	4.6
345	Duplicating machine operators	43	23,291	3,791	4,639	16.3	19.9
346	Mail preparing and paper handling machine operators	27	14,799	1,136	1,136	7.7	7.7
347	Office machine operators, n.e.c.	78	44,427	4,704	5,260	10.6	11.8
348	Telephone operators	420	217,817	82,114	94,990	37.7	43.6
349	Telegraphers	8	5,038	622	622	12.3	12.3
353	Communications equipment operators, n.e.c.	10	4,979	0	672	0.0	13.5
354	Postal clerks, exc. mail carriers	560	300,926	227,371	252,760	75.6	84.0
355	Mail carriers, postal service	562	302,135	239,775	258,449	79.4	85.5
356	Mail clerks, exc. postal service	295	160,669	31,608	38,410	19.7	23.9
357	Messengers	259	143,114	7,382	9,952	5.2	7.0
359	Dispatchers	348	178,415	43,150	51,590	24.2	28.9
363	Production coordinators	335	183,502	24,305	28,685	13.2	15.6
364	Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks	819	464,078	111,059	118,545	23.9	25.5
365	Stock and inventory clerks	992	560,696	112,216	129,370	20.0	23.1
366	Meter readers	82	40,894	18,549	19,434	45.4	47.5
368	Weighers, measurers, and checkers	134	75,903	19,747	21,428	26.0	28.2
369	Samplers	3	1,357	0	0	0.0	0.0
373	Expediters	202	111,939	20,921	22,366	18.7	20.0
374	Material recording, scheduling, & distributing clerks, n.e.c.	50	25,844	6,309	6,309	24.4	24.4
375	Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators	439	247,886	9,525	14,452	3.8	5.8
376	Investigators and adjusters, except insurance	693	375,308	33,760	40,357	9.0	10.8
377	Eligibility clerks, social welfare	140	75,051	18,697	21,251	24.9	28.3
378	Bill and account collectors	226	122,659	10,597	14,041	8.6	11.4
379	General office clerks	1,331	722,996	94,980	118,678	13.1	16.4
383	Bank tellers	893	476,332	8,418	11,586	1.8	2.4
384	Proofreaders	42	23,688	1,972	1,972	8.3	8.3
385	Data-entry keyers	630	342,031	37,740	46,358	11.0	13.6
386	Statistical clerks	187	104,103	15,627	20,263	15.0	19.5
387	Teachers aides	699	371,484	86,828	121,533	23.4	32.7
389	Administrative support occupations, n.e.c.	1,495	809,011	119,445	143,691	14.8	17.8
	SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD	1,773	957,251	2,168	2,168	0.2	0.2
403	Launderers and ironers	8	4,400	0	0	0.0	0.0
404	Cooks, private household	33	18,379	0	0	0.0	0.0
405	Housekeepers and butlers	60	33,727	0	0	0.0	0.0
406	Child care workers, private household	755	382,838	0	0	0.0	0.0
407	Private household cleaners and servants	917	517,908	2,168	2,168	0.4	0.4
	SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, PROTECTIVE SERVICE	3,268	1,798,738	696,825	780,549	38.7	43.4
413	Supervisors, firefighting and fire prevention occupations	70	38,972	27,243	27,707	69.9	71.1
414	Supervisors, police and detectives	156	88,695	47,139	53,292	53.1	60.1
415	Supervisors, guards	66	38,026	5,894	6,361	15.5	16.7
416	Fire inspection and fire prevention occupations	27	13,976	3,230	3,808	23.1	27.2
417	Firefighting occupations	383	214,681	151,618	156,930	70.6	73.1
418	Police and detectives, public service	732	399,722	239,780	273,288	60.0	68.4
423	Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers	161	86,038	26,025	31,571	30.2	36.7
424	Correctional institution officers	321	177,908	82,789	95,050	46.5	53.4
425	Crossing guards	85	40,551	8,962	10,564	22.1	26.1
426	Guards and police, exc. public service	1,155	639,247	103,335	120,901	16.2	18.9
427	Protective service occupations, n.e.c.	112	60,921	809	1,076	1.3	1.8
	SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, EXC. PROTECTIVE & HOUSEHOLD	20,531	10,852,611	1,220,582	1,383,435	11.2	12.7
433	Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations	516	281,631	14,719	16,685	5.2	5.9
434	Bartenders	594	300,966	21,804	23,763	7.2	7.9
435	Waiters and waitresses	2,717	1,399,716	55,311	60,593	4.0	4.3
436	Cooks, except short order	2,774	1,482,892	87,251	108,144	5.9	7.3
437	Short-order cooks	205	113,649	2,751	4,195	2.4	3.7
438	Food counter, fountain and related occupations	636	331,231	3,765	4,815	1.1	1.5
439	Kitchen workers, food preparation	234	127,667	10,015	13,536	7.8	10.6
443	Waiters'/waitresses' assistants	618	334,071	26,113	31,000	7.8	9.3
444	Miscellaneous food preparation occupations	1,207	628,061	62,483	72,371	9.9	11.5
445	Dental assistants	306	163,663	503	2,761	0.3	1.7
446	Health aides, except nursing	661	368,654	42,580	50,172	11.6	13.6
447	Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants	2,387	1,272,485	209,850	242,037	16.5	19.0
448	Supervisors, cleaning and building service workers	270	141,934	23,473	28,290	16.5	19.9
449	Maids and housemen	1,062	539,876	83,680	92,379	15.5	17.1
453	Janitors and cleaners	3,811	2,033,903	438,279	477,587	21.5	23.5
454	Elevator operators	26	17,339	11,398	11,398	65.7	65.7
455	Pest control occupations	59	35,169	3,280	3,882	9.3	11.0
456	Supervisors, personal service occupations	61	27,968	3,954	3,954	14.1	14.1
457	Barbers	42	25,280	1,452	2,207	5.7	8.7
458	Hairdressers and cosmetologists	769	426,587	10,958	13,380	2.6	3.1
459	Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities	287	119,449	6,815	9,345	5.7	7.8
463	Guides	61	28,106	1,265	2,038	4.5	7.3
464	Ushers	32	16,942	1,553	1,553	9.2	9.2
465	Public transportation attendants	125	68,271	46,014	48,456	67.4	71.0
466	Baggage porters and bellhops	51	27,476	7,464	8,690	27.2	31.6
467	Welfare service aides	167	92,029	12,247	13,497	13.3	14.7
468	Child care workers, except private household	636	333,371	19,373	23,284	5.8	7.0
469	Personal service occupations, n.e.c.	217	114,223	12,232	13,423	10.7	11.8
	FARMING, FORESTRY, AND FISHING OCCUPATIONS	3,164	1,746,800	108,666	120,944	6.2	6.9
473	Farmers, except horticultural	21	11,829	776	776	6.6	6.6
474	Horticultural specialty farmers	1	699	0	0	0.0	0.0
475	Managers, farms, except horticultural	115	56,604	1,586	1,586	2.8	2.8
476	Managers, horticultural specialty farms	14	7,629	487	487	6.4	6.4
477	Supervisors, farm workers	44	25,002	529	529	2.1	2.1
479	Farm workers	1,409	751,905	13,266	15,164	1.8	2.0
483	Marine life cultivation workers	6	1,581	220	220	13.9	13.9
484	Nursery workers	50	27,993	0	0	0.0	0.0
485	Supervisors, related agricultural occupations	167	101,877	17,431	20,002	17.1	19.6
486	Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm	997	579,377	60,441	66,143	10.4	11.4
487	Animal caretakers, except farm	102	57,581	714	1,646	1.2	2.9
488	Graders and sorters, agricultural products	24	16,349	1,071	1,071	6.5	6.5
489	Inspectors, agricultural products	6	3,881	523	523	13.5	13.5
494	Supervisors, forestry and logging workers	10	4,819	175	335	3.6	7.0
495	Forestry workers, except logging	38	19,003	5,281	5,757	27.8	30.3
496	Timber cutting and logging occupations	104	51,295	5,820	6,360	11.3	12.4
497	Captains and other officers, fishing vessels	14	8,647	0	0	0.0	0.0
498	Fishers	40	19,988	0	0	0.0	0.0
499	Hunters and trappers	2	739	346	346	46.8	46.8
	PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAFT, & REPAIR OCCUPATIONS	14,024	7,719,161	2,114,436	2,269,616	27.4	29.4
503	Supervisors, mechanics and repairers	416	219,696	22,476	29,238	10.2	13.3
505	Automobile mechanics	1,226	690,639	84,948	92,471	12.3	13.4
506	Automobile mechanic apprentices	4	1,900	0	0	0.0	0.0
507	Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics	586	317,034	92,703	99,964	29.2	31.5
508	Aircraft engine mechanics	176	97,617	50,886	52,999	52.1	54.3
509	Small engine repairers	107	53,843	3,722	3,722	6.9	6.9
514	Automobile body and related repairers	255	132,510	10,313	10,952	7.8	8.3
515	Aircraft mechanics, exc. engine	25	13,493	8,698	8,698	64.5	64.5
516	Heavy equipment mechanics	322	160,944	69,076	72,532	42.9	45.1
517	Farm equipment mechanics	63	30,185	1,676	1,676	5.6	5.6
518	Industry machinery repairers	940	522,037	200,669	214,230	38.4	41.0
519	Machinery maintenance occupations	63	35,311	17,558	18,457	49.7	52.3
523	Electronic repairers, communications & industrial equipment	252	137,690	35,518	39,852	25.8	28.9
525	Data processing equipment repairers	232	131,714	13,177	14,299	10.0	10.9
526	Household appliance and power tool repairers	69	34,976	7,769	8,260	22.2	23.6
527	Telephone line installers and repairers	119	63,558	53,979	55,506	84.9	87.3
529	Telephone Installers and repairers	412	221,687	160,918	168,183	72.6	75.9
533	Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment repairers	130	73,938	33,632	36,470	45.5	49.3
534	Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics	374	220,959	52,230	55,957	23.6	25.3
535	Camera, watch, and musical instrument repairers	28	14,175	2,749	2,749	19.4	19.4
536	Locksmiths and safe repairers	16	9,296	650	650	7.0	7.0
538	Office machine repairers	109	56,462	5,069	5,542	9.0	9.8
539	Mechanical controls and valve repairers	36	21,371	9,098	11,221	42.6	52.5
543	Elevator installers and repairers	36	19,744	15,303	16,025	77.5	81.2
544	Millwrights	163	95,266	67,349	68,012	70.7	71.4
547	Specified mechanics and repairers, n.e.c.	624	339,112	85,809	94,037	25.3	27.7
549	Not specified mechanics and repairers	258	143,029	40,231	42,993	28.1	30.1
613	Supervisors, extractive occupations	104	48,170	2,650	2,650	5.5	5.5
614	Drillers, oil well	83	40,001	2,654	3,679	6.6	9.2
615	Explosives workers	14	6,350	2,422	2,530	38.1	39.8
616	Mining machine operators	77	31,668	16,744	17,482	52.9	55.2
617	Mining occupations, n.e.c.	76	38,221	12,594	14,311	32.9	37.4
633	Supervisors, production occupations	2,371	1,325,395	160,967	189,905	12.1	14.3
634	Tool and die makers	268	150,523	67,160	70,263	44.6	46.7
635	Tool and die maker apprentices	8	5,505	2,062	2,062	37.5	37.5
636	Precision assemblers, metal	15	7,528	3,701	3,701	49.2	49.2
637	Machinists	822	466,594	167,726	175,708	35.9	37.7
639	Machinist apprentices	8	5,864	0	0	0.0	0.0
643	Boilermakers	44	23,840	15,805	17,451	66.3	73.2
644	Precision grinders, filers, and tool sharpeners	39	23,771	10,851	12,602	45.6	53.0
645	Patternmakers and model makers, metal	8	4,677	1,584	1,584	33.9	33.9
646	Lay-out workers	31	18,372	8,639	8,639	47.0	47.0
647	Precious stones and metals workers (jewelers)	64	28,204	312	312	1.1	1.1
649	Engravers, metal	17	9,192	1,812	1,812	19.7	19.7
653	Sheet metal workers	224	129,286	59,323	61,917	45.9	47.9
654	Sheet metal worker apprentices	5	2,417	1,521	1,521	62.9	62.9
655	Miscellaneous precision metal workers	6	3,355	1,085	1,085	32.3	32.3
656	Patternmakers and model makers, wood	11	6,104	2,648	2,648	43.4	43.4
657	Cabinet makers and bench carpenters	71	42,047	6,384	6,949	15.2	16.5
658	Furniture and wood finishers	46	23,400	2,559	2,559	10.9	10.9
659	Miscellaneous precision woodworkers	4	1,595	462	462	29.0	29.0
666	Dressmakers	131	74,586	4,789	4,789	6.4	6.4
667	Tailors	59	35,595	8,310	8,310	23.3	23.3
668	Upholsterers	89	47,995	3,878	4,196	8.1	8.7
669	Shoe repairers	27	12,308	2,900	2,900	23.6	23.6
673	Apparel and fabric patternmakers	2	788	473	473	60.1	60.1
674	Miscellaneous precision apparel and fabric workers	13	6,321	1,257	1,257	19.9	19.9
675	Hand molders and shapers, except jewelers	19	12,112	2,997	2,997	24.7	24.7
676	Patternmakers, lay-out workers, and cutters	33	18,081	8,968	9,673	49.6	53.5
677	Optical goods workers	82	45,563	2,458	2,841	5.4	6.2
678	Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians	73	43,605	1,403	1,403	3.2	3.2
679	Bookbinders	60	34,882	9,020	9,020	25.9	25.9
683	Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers	564	321,592	96,984	104,000	30.2	32.3
684	Miscellaneous precision workers, n.e.c.	42	26,461	7,373	8,102	27.9	30.6
686	Butchers and meat cutters	506	275,337	87,744	91,790	31.9	33.3
687	Bakers	176	92,322	30,449	31,062	33.0	33.6
688	Food batchmakers	61	33,450	6,032	6,543	18.0	19.6
689	Inspectors, testers, and graders	186	103,084	43,468	48,406	42.2	47.0
693	Adjusters and calibrators	11	5,488	1,024	1,024	18.7	18.7
694	Water and sewage treatment plant operators	84	46,338	17,492	19,379	37.7	41.8
695	Power plant operators	72	38,542	23,557	24,399	61.1	63.3
696	Stationary engineers	199	104,146	42,167	44,474	40.5	42.7
699	Miscellaneous plant and system operators	78	40,301	13,822	16,049	34.3	39.8
	CONSTRUCTION TRADES	6,722	3,735,944	1,153,414	1,219,514	30.9	32.6
553	Supervisors; brickmasons, stonemasons, and tile setters	6	3,579	620	620	17.3	17.3
554	Supervisors; carpenters and related workers	43	23,702	9,119	9,119	38.5	38.5
555	Supervisors; electricians and power transmission installers	59	27,532	9,126	9,564	33.1	34.7
556	Supervisors; painters, paperhangers, and plasterers	12	6,906	1,143	1,143	16.6	16.6
557	Supervisors; plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	21	14,445	6,202	6,814	42.9	47.2
558	Supervisors; n.e.c.	647	354,735	86,828	93,403	24.5	26.3
563	Brickmasons and stonemasons	222	123,761	47,720	49,394	38.6	39.9
564	Brickmason and stonemason apprentices	5	2,173	0	0	0.0	0.0
565	Tile setters, hard and soft	58	33,078	8,917	8,917	27.0	27.0
566	Carpet installers	110	61,758	10,483	10,547	17.0	17.1
567	Carpenters	1,693	915,442	202,977	213,416	22.2	23.3
569	Carpenter apprentices	20	10,624	6,459	6,459	60.8	60.8
573	Drywall installers	170	107,900	17,772	18,984	16.5	17.6
575	Electricians	983	548,152	255,874	266,695	46.7	48.7
576	Electrician apprentices	56	28,369	11,561	14,523	40.8	51.2
577	Electrical power installers and repairers	218	106,755	65,890	69,522	61.7	65.1
579	Painters, construction and maintenance	589	338,902	57,454	63,309	17.0	18.7
583	Paperhangers	18	9,609	2,493	2,493	25.9	25.9
584	Plasterers	50	29,296	10,031	10,219	34.2	34.9
585	Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	680	374,324	163,213	169,150	43.6	45.2
587	Plumber, pipefitter, and steamfitter apprentices	26	14,794	4,813	5,446	32.5	36.8
588	Concrete and terrazzo finishers	121	77,675	15,831	16,495	20.4	21.2
589	Glaziers	77	41,206	14,945	15,833	36.3	38.4
593	Insulation workers	104	55,869	16,378	17,014	29.3	30.5
594	Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	21	9,980	2,827	2,827	28.3	28.3
595	Roofers	217	136,631	19,676	24,341	14.4	17.8
596	Sheetmetal duct installers	77	48,046	16,571	17,574	34.5	36.6
597	Structural metal workers	108	65,623	38,804	40,831	59.1	62.2
598	Drillers, earth	26	12,002	3,038	3,806	25.3	31.7
599	Construction trades, n.e.c.	285	153,075	46,648	51,055	30.5	33.4
	MACHINE OPERATORS, ASSEMBLERS, AND INSPECTORS	13,831	7,744,663	2,565,769	2,689,776	33.1	34.7
703	Lathe and turning machine set-up operators	29	16,415	9,331	9,331	56.8	56.8
704	Lathe and turning machine operators	114	62,007	19,943	22,035	32.2	35.5
705	Milling and planing machine operators	26	14,150	6,991	6,991	49.4	49.4
706	Punching and stamping press machine operators	242	141,477	66,624	69,959	47.1	49.4
707	Rolling machine operators	20	13,187	6,301	6,301	47.8	47.8
708	Drilling and boring machine operators	59	33,855	16,542	16,542	48.9	48.9
709	Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators	249	147,434	73,399	74,784	49.8	50.7
713	Forging machine operators	26	14,094	7,799	8,570	55.3	60.8
714	Numerical control machine operators	3	2,022	614	614	30.4	30.4
715	Misc. metal, plastic, stone, & glass working machine operators	77	41,557	22,629	22,629	54.5	54.5
717	Fabricating machine operators, n.e.c.	54	29,172	9,608	10,198	32.9	35.0
719	Molding and casting machine operators	177	100,949	33,112	34,856	32.8	34.5
723	Metal plating machine operators	55	35,609	10,530	10,530	29.6	29.6
724	Heat treating equipment operators	40	23,891	13,518	13,518	56.6	56.6
725	Miscellaneous metal and plastic processing machine operators	23	11,630	2,739	3,298	23.6	28.4
726	Wood lathe, routing, and planing machine operators	18	8,431	1,520	2,422	18.0	28.7
727	Sawing machine operators	170	93,794	15,834	17,815	16.9	19.0
728	Shaping and joining machine operators	7	4,489	824	824	18.3	18.3
729	Nail and tacking machine operators	6	4,222	742	742	17.6	17.6
733	Miscellaneous woodworking machine operators	63	31,465	6,731	7,784	21.4	24.7
734	Printing machine operators	516	290,794	67,686	76,132	23.3	26.2
735	Photoengravers and lithographers	71	38,814	12,048	13,394	31.0	34.5
736	Typesetters and compositors	137	72,448	11,550	11,920	15.9	16.5
737	Miscellaneous printing machine operators	74	42,307	4,597	4,597	10.9	10.9
738	Winding and twisting machine operators	175	86,988	12,366	13,922	14.2	16.0
739	Knitting, looping, taping, and weaving machine operators	95	48,716	4,448	5,003	9.1	10.3
743	Textile cutting machine operators	10	4,575	640	640	14.0	14.0
744	Textile sewing machine operators	1,275	730,554	162,188	172,587	22.2	23.6
745	Shoe machine operators	81	36,108	9,742	10,468	27.0	29.0
747	Pressing machine operators	241	137,256	34,998	38,399	25.5	28.0
748	Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators	338	175,379	17,958	21,791	10.2	12.4
749	Miscellaneous textile machine operators	155	76,248	9,390	9,675	12.3	12.7
753	Cementing and gluing machine operators	65	34,768	10,649	10,649	30.6	30.6
754	Packaging and filling machine operators	738	413,989	139,326	142,334	33.7	34.4
755	Extruding and forming machine operators	56	31,169	7,916	9,641	25.4	30.9
756	Mixing and blending machine operators	164	89,139	36,842	37,656	41.3	42.2
757	Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators	107	62,164	30,763	32,700	49.5	52.6
758	Compressing and compacting machine operators	29	17,685	7,648	7,648	43.2	43.2
759	Painting and paint spraying machine operators	309	180,624	52,601	52,601	29.1	29.1
763	Roasting and baking machine operators, food	11	5,002	1,570	1,570	31.4	31.4
764	Washing, cleaning, and pickling machine operators	15	7,762	2,463	2,679	31.7	34.5
765	Folding machine operators	46	23,663	8,000	8,000	33.8	33.8
766	Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, exc. food	200	111,774	64,977	66,401	58.1	59.4
768	Crushing and grinding machine operators	114	56,505	14,802	16,224	26.2	28.7
769	Slicing and cutting machine operators	383	227,681	63,658	64,734	28.0	28.4
773	Motion picture projectionists	19	9,052	4,035	4,035	44.6	44.6
774	Photographic process machine operators	142	76,822	7,122	8,617	9.3	11.2
777	Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c.	1,616	912,824	370,929	384,332	40.6	42.1
779	Machine operators, not specified	603	337,436	140,751	147,827	41.7	43.8
783	Welders and cutters	967	540,414	221,217	230,544	40.9	42.7
784	Solderers and brazers	60	34,606	10,517	10,517	30.4	30.4
785	Assemblers	1,864	1,067,469	417,668	433,872	39.1	40.6
786	Hand cutting and trimming occupations	23	11,414	1,686	1,686	14.8	14.8
787	Hand molding, casting, and forming occupations	25	13,533	2,305	2,305	17.0	17.0
789	Hand painting, coating, and decorating occupations	50	26,020	5,206	5,206	20.0	20.0
793	Hand engraving and printing occupations	24	15,559	1,522	3,346	9.8	21.5
794	Hand grinding and polishing occupations	5	1,932	665	665	34.4	34.4
795	Miscellaneous hand working occupations	94	45,785	6,535	6,535	14.3	14.3
796	Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners	1,216	668,709	232,273	246,390	34.7	36.8
797	Production testers	91	51,957	13,182	14,055	25.4	27.1
798	Production samplers and weighers	12	8,358	1,880	1,880	22.5	22.5
799	Graders and sorters, exc. agricultural	157	90,811	14,118	16,854	15.5	18.6
	TRANSPORTATION AND MATERIAL MOVING OCCUPATIONS	7,595	4,214,502	1,301,918	1,380,474	30.9	32.8
803	Supervisors, motor vehicle operators	107	62,121	12,166	14,449	19.6	23.3
804	Truck drivers, heavy	2,932	1,606,529	447,334	467,471	27.8	29.1
805	Truck drivers, light	1,056	604,339	95,184	98,049	15.8	16.2
806	Driver-sales workers	345	197,688	64,794	67,700	32.8	34.2
808	Bus drivers	759	413,148	140,903	164,167	34.1	39.7
809	Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs	253	144,776	22,342	26,239	15.4	18.1
813	Parking lot attendants	81	48,581	7,335	8,408	15.1	17.3
814	Motor transportation occupations, n.e.c.	5	2,162	0	0	0.0	0.0
823	Railroad conductors and yardmasters	67	35,756	31,668	32,124	88.6	89.8
824	Locomotive operating occupations	115	59,172	56,030	56,616	94.7	95.7
825	Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators	79	39,817	37,113	37,113	93.2	93.2
826	Rail vehicle operators, n.e.c.	5	1,963	1,963	1,963	100.0	100.0
828	Ship captains and mates, except fishing boats	43	25,540	6,300	7,931	24.7	31.1
829	Sailors and deckhands	26	16,869	6,219	6,717	36.9	39.8
833	Marine engineers	3	1,496	776	776	51.9	51.9
834	Bridge, lock, and lighthouse tenders	16	9,407	3,611	4,053	38.4	43.1
843	Supervisors, material moving equipment operators	33	16,606	3,024	3,162	18.2	19.0
844	Operating engineers	292	156,434	59,420	65,060	38.0	41.6
845	Longshore equipment operators	5	3,445	3,375	3,375	98.0	98.0
848	Hoist and winch operators	52	28,216	3,387	3,387	12.0	12.0
849	Crane and tower operators	160	86,088	59,509	61,544	69.1	71.5
853	Excavating and loading machine operators	159	83,568	20,394	22,298	24.4	26.7
855	Grader, dozer, and scraper operators	172	92,764	17,817	18,454	19.2	19.9
856	Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators	652	388,962	168,818	175,353	43.4	45.1
859	Miscellaneous material moving equipment operators	178	89,056	32,436	34,064	36.4	38.3
	HANDLERS, EQUIPMENT CLEANERS, HELPERS, & LABORERS	8,186	4,594,789	1,143,925	1,218,186	24.9	26.5
863	Supervisors, handlers, equipment cleaners, & laborers, n.e.c.	21	13,297	5,126	5,126	38.6	38.6
864	Helpers, mechanics and repairers	68	36,400	4,168	4,731	11.5	13.0
865	Helpers, construction trades	292	171,959	21,869	24,338	12.7	14.2
866	Helpers, surveyor	27	15,753	473	473	3.0	3.0
867	Helpers, extractive occupations	8	3,640	2,310	2,310	63.5	63.5
869	Construction laborers	1,297	730,866	167,196	178,715	22.9	24.5
873	Production helpers	108	66,509	24,402	25,024	36.7	37.6
875	Garbage collectors	92	58,304	17,982	19,428	30.8	33.3
876	Stevedores	41	22,794	20,344	20,395	89.3	89.5
877	Stock handlers and baggers	1,608	884,996	203,013	217,898	22.9	24.6
878	Machine feeders and offbearers	181	97,168	25,823	26,912	26.6	27.7
883	Freight, stock, and material handlers, n.e.c.	1,088	635,250	218,549	233,028	34.4	36.7
885	Garage and service station related occupations	512	277,428	11,089	11,089	4.0	4.0
887	Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners	340	189,282	31,822	36,397	16.8	19.2
888	Hand packers and packagers	537	301,073	80,865	86,492	26.9	28.7
889	Laborers, except construction	1,966	1,090,069	308,894	325,830	28.3	29.9
Data Sources: Current Population Survey (CPS) Outgoing Rotation Group (ORG) Earnings Files, 1986. Sample includes
employed wage and salary workers, ages 16 and over. Variable definitions are: COC=1980 Census occupation code
used in CPS, Obs=CPS sample size, Employment=wage and salary employment, Members=employed workers who are
union members, Covered=workers covered by a collective bargaining agreement, %Mem=percent of employed workers
who are union members, and %Cov=percent of employed workers who are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
© 2002 by Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson.  The use of data requires citation.