Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by Occupation, 1988 (details in table note)
COC	Occupation Name	Obs	Employment	Members	Covered	%Mem	%Cov
	EXECUTIVE, ADMINISTRATIVE, & MANAGERIAL OCCUPATIONS	19,288	11,337,302	734,067	976,735	6.5	8.6
3	Legislators	28	15,473	420	565	2.7	3.7
4	Chief executives and general administrators, public admin.	25	15,304	698	698	4.6	4.6
5	Administrators and officials, public administration	881	466,771	97,084	123,685	20.8	26.5
6	Administrators, protective services	104	52,671	11,948	13,993	22.7	26.6
7	Financial managers	825	482,794	12,034	17,029	2.5	3.5
8	Personnel and labor relations managers	200	115,333	3,961	6,029	3.4	5.2
9	Purchasing managers	167	104,263	2,460	2,931	2.4	2.8
13	Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations	764	462,887	5,444	9,662	1.2	2.1
14	Administrators, education and related fields	934	539,973	111,044	146,034	20.6	27.0
15	Managers, medicine and health	279	153,106	8,099	11,457	5.3	7.5
16	Managers, properties and real estate	443	279,660	13,337	16,329	4.8	5.8
17	Postmasters and mail superintendents	81	38,826	21,167	21,548	54.5	55.5
18	Funeral directors	32	17,533	1,022	1,022	5.8	5.8
19	Managers and administrators, n.e.c.	8,846	5,203,037	195,862	262,410	3.8	5.0
23	Accountants and auditors	1,947	1,174,092	74,872	103,435	6.4	8.8
24	Underwriters	144	86,704	310	2,216	0.4	2.6
25	Other financial officers	1,001	597,419	22,107	29,275	3.7	4.9
26	Management analysts	168	99,254	3,909	11,427	3.9	11.5
27	Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists	662	390,222	31,763	47,765	8.1	12.2
28	Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products	15	5,438	0	0	0.0	0.0
29	Buyers, wholesale and retail trade except farm products	308	192,751	13,300	14,226	6.9	7.4
33	Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c.	401	240,180	10,256	17,954	4.3	7.5
34	Business and promotion agents	20	13,971	1,937	1,937	13.9	13.9
35	Construction inspectors	101	61,277	15,997	20,058	26.1	32.7
36	Inspectors and compliance officers, exc. construction	340	197,878	49,679	66,567	25.1	33.6
37	Management related occupations, n.e.c.	572	330,483	25,358	28,483	7.7	8.6
	PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS	14,975	8,734,152	983,094	1,226,397	11.3	14.0
43	Architects	168	103,347	5,332	5,943	5.2	5.8
44	Aerospace engineers	132	110,532	7,243	11,453	6.6	10.4
45	Metallurgical and materials engineers	39	21,048	5,511	5,511	26.2	26.2
46	Mining engineers	13	4,016	253	253	6.3	6.3
47	Petroleum engineers	35	25,382	0	0	0.0	0.0
48	Chemical engineers	113	57,827	3,313	6,057	5.7	10.5
49	Nuclear engineers	23	13,079	256	256	2.0	2.0
53	Civil engineers	353	194,114	21,570	30,640	11.1	15.8
54	Agricultural engineers	4	2,337	0	0	0.0	0.0
55	Electrical and electronic engineers	912	566,280	35,498	53,708	6.3	9.5
56	Industrial engineers	357	226,049	18,740	22,399	8.3	9.9
57	Mechanical engineers	479	288,565	22,921	26,329	7.9	9.1
58	Marine and naval architects engineers	23	12,524	3,812	3,812	30.4	30.4
59	Engineers, n.e.c.	369	224,785	11,935	13,572	5.3	6.0
63	Surveyors and mapping scientists	39	17,369	2,059	2,059	11.9	11.9
64	Computer systems analysts and scientists	721	431,997	11,625	20,323	2.7	4.7
65	Operations and systems researchers and analysts	345	213,353	15,816	22,265	7.4	10.4
66	Actuaries	20	10,771	0	0	0.0	0.0
67	Statisticians	54	31,932	1,502	4,346	4.7	13.6
68	Mathematical scientists, n.e.c.	9	6,699	1,197	1,860	17.9	27.8
69	Physicists and astronomers	55	28,295	2,014	2,426	7.1	8.6
73	Chemists, except biochemists	220	126,169	5,043	8,948	4.0	7.1
74	Atmospheric and space scientists	16	9,469	2,165	3,159	22.9	33.4
75	Geologists and geodesists	73	40,925	371	1,562	0.9	3.8
76	Physical scientists, n.e.c.	24	11,948	1,238	1,238	10.4	10.4
77	Agricultural and food scientists	48	17,999	1,780	1,780	9.9	9.9
78	Biological and life scientists	126	69,352	4,089	7,013	5.9	10.1
79	Forestry and conservation scientists	61	28,494	2,614	3,965	9.2	13.9
83	Medical scientists	60	38,372	4,323	4,323	11.3	11.3
84	Physicians	434	273,137	12,461	20,017	4.6	7.3
85	Dentists	41	26,959	982	1,107	3.6	4.1
86	Veterinarians	35	18,786	0	0	0.0	0.0
87	Optometrists	11	5,541	0	0	0.0	0.0
88	Podiatrists	2	1,310	0	0	0.0	0.0
89	Health diagnosing practitioners, n.e.c.	9	6,511	0	0	0.0	0.0
95	Registered nurses	2,716	1,519,594	253,331	301,277	16.7	19.8
96	Pharmacists	242	137,787	12,037	14,484	8.7	10.5
97	Dietitians	131	72,224	8,049	9,636	11.1	13.3
98	Inhalation therapists	103	64,301	8,289	9,700	12.9	15.1
99	Occupational therapists	43	25,204	5,917	6,475	23.5	25.7
103	Physical therapists	118	72,530	2,254	2,758	3.1	3.8
104	Speech therapists	109	57,690	23,098	29,951	40.0	51.9
105	Therapists, n.e.c.	93	58,496	9,189	9,189	15.7	15.7
106	Physicians' assistants	90	52,870	16,339	16,339	30.9	30.9
163	Counselors, educational and vocational	366	205,946	91,267	107,349	44.3	52.1
164	Librarians	352	189,800	47,250	58,540	24.9	30.8
165	Archivists and curators	38	21,214	1,846	1,846	8.7	8.7
166	Economists	172	96,526	7,837	10,144	8.1	10.5
167	Psychologists	255	147,277	22,326	27,952	15.2	19.0
168	Sociologists	1	304	304	304	100.0	100.0
169	Social scientists, n.e.c.	22	8,542	1,658	2,435	19.4	28.5
173	Urban planners	30	16,487	1,857	4,160	11.3	25.2
174	Social workers	900	532,861	112,359	136,246	21.1	25.6
175	Recreation workers	158	93,364	3,680	5,479	3.9	5.9
176	Clergy	536	306,864	7,794	10,455	2.5	3.4
177	Religious workers, n.e.c.	115	62,351	1,056	1,795	1.7	2.9
178	Lawyers	674	390,843	18,138	21,244	4.6	5.4
179	Judges	61	32,829	3,092	3,092	9.4	9.4
183	Authors	21	13,784	2,452	2,452	17.8	17.8
184	Technical writers	105	58,528	3,740	4,874	6.4	8.3
185	Designers	623	365,756	16,432	19,962	4.5	5.5
186	Musicians and composers	117	71,158	10,640	11,909	15.0	16.7
187	Actors and directors	118	76,112	15,066	19,982	19.8	26.3
188	Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist print-makers	161	102,217	8,563	13,078	8.4	12.8
189	Photographers	123	74,869	11,679	13,077	15.6	17.5
193	Dancers	23	12,656	547	547	4.3	4.3
194	Artists, performers, and related workers, n.e.c.	65	37,152	6,931	8,813	18.7	23.7
195	Editors and reporters	424	239,101	21,891	26,473	9.2	11.1
197	Public relations specialists	265	147,964	9,574	12,486	6.5	8.4
198	Announcers	82	42,083	2,160	3,722	5.1	8.8
199	Athletes	100	61,596	8,789	11,848	14.3	19.2
	TEACHERS, POSTSECONDARY	1,258	680,475	138,785	176,693	20.4	26.0
113	Earth, environmental, and marine science teachers	14	6,839	0	619	0.0	9.1
114	Biological science teachers	47	22,678	3,865	7,467	17.0	32.9
115	Chemistry teachers	29	15,471	2,373	5,537	15.3	35.8
116	Physics teachers	20	9,476	979	1,688	10.3	17.8
117	Natural science teachers, n.e.c.	4	3,047	1,655	1,655	54.3	54.3
118	Psychology teachers	39	21,852	4,388	5,493	20.1	25.1
119	Economics teachers	35	19,468	1,104	2,064	5.7	10.6
123	History teachers	27	17,060	5,064	6,518	29.7	38.2
124	Political science teachers	19	13,326	4,143	4,713	31.1	35.4
125	Sociology teachers	17	10,161	3,081	3,081	30.3	30.3
126	Social science teachers, n.e.c.	8	2,725	1,289	1,289	47.3	47.3
127	Engineering teachers	55	28,780	4,254	5,919	14.8	20.6
128	Mathematical science teachers	84	45,483	13,937	16,823	30.6	37.0
129	Computer science teachers	34	20,825	2,270	4,301	10.9	20.7
133	Medical science teachers	12	5,563	1,070	1,070	19.2	19.2
134	Health specialties teachers	68	36,838	6,780	8,614	18.4	23.4
135	Business, commerce, and marketing teachers	56	29,331	4,641	6,109	15.8	20.8
136	Agriculture and forestry teachers	9	4,283	329	329	7.7	7.7
137	Art, drama, and music teachers	92	51,931	13,750	18,240	26.5	35.1
138	Physical education teachers	27	13,882	3,942	4,652	28.4	33.5
139	Education teachers	24	11,500	2,027	3,371	17.6	29.3
143	English teachers	99	52,516	16,122	18,037	30.7	34.3
144	Foreign language teachers	35	22,026	4,800	5,986	21.8	27.2
145	Law teachers	12	5,702	2,174	2,174	38.1	38.1
146	Social work teachers	1	83	0	0	0.0	0.0
147	Theology teachers	17	10,228	577	1,475	5.6	14.4
148	Trade and industrial teachers	9	4,544	2,464	2,582	54.2	56.8
149	Home economics teachers	4	1,422	838	838	58.9	58.9
153	Teachers, postsecondary, n.e.c.	9	3,722	0	0	0.0	0.0
154	Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified	352	189,713	30,866	36,046	16.3	19.0
	TEACHERS, EXCEPT POSTSECONDARY	6,544	3,617,485	1,788,263	2,090,253	49.4	57.8
155	Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten	643	373,424	89,818	110,694	24.1	29.6
156	Teachers, elementary school	2,611	1,429,282	806,523	945,011	56.4	66.1
157	Teachers, secondary school	2,181	1,180,534	712,156	818,520	60.3	69.3
158	Teachers, special education	435	245,540	138,179	163,508	56.3	66.6
159	Teachers, n.e.c.	674	388,705	41,586	52,520	10.7	13.5
	TECHNICIANS AND RELATED SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS	5,908	3,461,724	391,431	468,871	11.3	13.5
203	Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	471	271,005	32,314	36,662	11.9	13.5
204	Dental hygienists	149	79,563	2,211	2,298	2.8	2.9
205	Health record technologists and technicians	100	57,191	1,955	2,081	3.4	3.6
206	Radiologic technicians	230	136,450	11,400	12,689	8.4	9.3
207	Licensed practical nurses	702	402,047	58,087	64,750	14.4	16.1
208	Health technologists and technicians, n.e.c.	424	258,066	31,539	35,735	12.2	13.8
213	Electrical and electronic technicians	539	319,174	49,969	59,993	15.7	18.8
214	Industrial engineering technicians	12	5,562	1,211	1,211	21.8	21.8
215	Mechanical engineering technicians	22	10,878	2,254	2,254	20.7	20.7
216	Engineering technicians, n.e.c.	368	219,908	19,676	27,407	8.9	12.5
217	Drafting occupations	472	281,066	25,121	32,699	8.9	11.6
218	Surveying and mapping technicians	133	75,932	10,022	12,469	13.2	16.4
223	Biological technicians	100	57,858	4,164	4,164	7.2	7.2
224	Chemical technicians	161	82,938	13,366	14,993	16.1	18.1
225	Science technicians, n.e.c.	145	80,808	7,177	8,538	8.9	10.6
226	Airplane pilots and navigators	154	83,883	42,383	44,015	50.5	52.5
227	Air traffic controllers	57	34,171	15,852	17,811	46.4	52.1
228	Broadcast equipment operators	26	11,893	1,586	1,586	13.3	13.3
229	Computer programmers	872	565,704	23,652	38,341	4.2	6.8
233	Tool programmers, numerical control	6	3,702	0	0	0.0	0.0
234	Legal assistants	340	197,418	11,136	16,662	5.6	8.4
235	Technicians, n.e.c.	425	226,508	26,356	32,514	11.6	14.4
	SALES OCCUPATIONS	18,770	11,018,803	587,275	688,601	5.3	6.2
243	Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations	4,041	2,367,516	129,758	155,532	5.5	6.6
253	Insurance sales occupations	626	363,399	12,815	19,396	3.5	5.3
254	Real estate sales occupations	754	441,031	10,228	14,537	2.3	3.3
255	Securities and financial services sales occupations	416	258,450	4,250	6,444	1.6	2.5
256	Advertising and related sales occupations	254	141,223	3,275	5,614	2.3	4.0
257	Sales occupations, other business services	792	508,059	24,767	30,628	4.9	6.0
258	Sales engineers	30	16,448	0	1,065	0.0	6.5
259	Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale	2,248	1,350,893	18,456	28,845	1.4	2.1
263	Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats	431	249,013	2,185	5,090	0.9	2.0
264	Sales workers, apparel	762	440,141	4,770	4,770	1.1	1.1
265	Sales workers, shoes	182	107,884	0	0	0.0	0.0
266	Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings	252	150,233	2,116	3,119	1.4	2.1
267	Sales workers, radio, TV, hi-fi, and appliances	272	154,492	0	1,067	0.0	0.7
268	Sales workers, hardware and building supplies	339	186,797	2,345	3,905	1.3	2.1
269	Sales workers, parts	256	146,747	6,455	8,429	4.4	5.7
274	Sales workers, other commodities	2,440	1,423,365	49,781	61,208	3.5	4.3
275	Sales counter clerks	295	171,973	3,973	5,061	2.3	2.9
276	Cashiers	3,910	2,265,714	305,641	326,094	13.5	14.4
277	Street and door-to-door sales workers	264	157,565	3,000	3,420	1.9	2.2
278	News vendors	124	71,870	2,000	2,000	2.8	2.8
283	Demonstrators, promoters and models, sales	56	31,820	1,130	2,049	3.6	6.4
284	Auctioneers	3	806	0	0	0.0	0.0
285	Sales support occupations, n.e.c.	23	13,366	330	330	2.5	2.5
	ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, INC. CLERICAL	30,434	17,790,460	2,332,980	2,818,442	13.1	15.8
303	Supervisors, general office	735	459,103	62,960	81,820	13.7	17.8
304	Supervisors, computer equipment operators	82	51,758	7,057	9,097	13.6	17.6
305	Supervisors, financial records processing	146	95,378	2,472	3,530	2.6	3.7
306	Chief communications operators	7	3,894	846	846	21.7	21.7
307	Supervisors; distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks	263	161,522	34,419	40,759	21.3	25.2
308	Computer operators	1,414	866,020	90,702	120,052	10.5	13.9
309	Peripheral equipment operators	9	6,112	2,201	2,201	36.0	36.0
313	Secretaries	6,861	3,859,959	263,323	358,293	6.8	9.3
314	Stenographers	70	35,278	8,331	10,031	23.6	28.4
315	Typists	1,308	799,620	87,712	117,874	11.0	14.7
316	Interviewers	267	155,886	4,831	8,392	3.1	5.4
317	Hotel clerks	209	104,729	5,128	5,815	4.9	5.6
318	Transportation ticket and reservation agents	215	126,494	28,949	32,880	22.9	26.0
319	Receptionists	1,407	857,580	36,189	39,027	4.2	4.6
323	Information clerks, n.e.c.	400	228,678	17,920	25,574	7.8	11.2
325	Classified-ad clerks	7	4,381	471	784	10.8	17.9
326	Correspondence clerks	30	14,166	153	833	1.1	5.9
327	Order clerks	325	184,241	50,365	58,309	27.3	31.6
328	Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping	103	56,789	6,533	9,274	11.5	16.3
329	Library clerks	250	145,071	25,816	34,840	17.8	24.0
335	File clerks	458	280,781	22,319	28,790	7.9	10.3
336	Records clerks	236	134,597	16,117	20,851	12.0	15.5
337	Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks	3,069	1,725,820	65,061	86,930	3.8	5.0
338	Payroll and timekeeping clerks	308	174,898	29,269	32,641	16.7	18.7
339	Billing clerks	247	145,422	12,615	13,541	8.7	9.3
343	Cost and rate clerks	121	67,049	5,019	5,656	7.5	8.4
344	Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators	71	38,961	3,491	3,626	9.0	9.3
345	Duplicating machine operators	35	19,958	2,110	2,775	10.6	13.9
346	Mail preparing and paper handling machine operators	20	14,114	3,191	3,940	22.6	27.9
347	Office machine operators, n.e.c.	58	35,590	2,056	2,056	5.8	5.8
348	Telephone operators	363	205,217	78,263	85,552	38.1	41.7
349	Telegraphers	5	2,033	871	871	42.8	42.8
353	Communications equipment operators, n.e.c.	5	2,964	0	0	0.0	0.0
354	Postal clerks, exc. mail carriers	528	311,366	223,704	252,704	71.8	81.2
355	Mail carriers, postal service	540	315,940	264,670	281,160	83.8	89.0
356	Mail clerks, exc. postal service	274	160,221	18,699	22,083	11.7	13.8
357	Messengers	203	127,212	4,122	7,028	3.2	5.5
359	Dispatchers	298	157,126	38,896	41,999	24.8	26.7
363	Production coordinators	312	189,530	29,812	33,450	15.7	17.6
364	Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks	857	528,189	118,812	129,303	22.5	24.5
365	Stock and inventory clerks	915	554,801	107,301	124,809	19.3	22.5
366	Meter readers	89	50,763	20,404	23,526	40.2	46.3
368	Weighers, measurers, and checkers	141	75,024	21,295	21,815	28.4	29.1
369	Samplers	3	1,915	1,008	1,008	52.6	52.6
373	Expediters	163	99,390	13,171	14,503	13.3	14.6
374	Material recording, scheduling, & distributing clerks, n.e.c.	34	18,560	4,357	5,042	23.5	27.2
375	Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators	468	277,030	10,594	12,812	3.8	4.6
376	Investigators and adjusters, except insurance	801	477,640	40,927	46,241	8.6	9.7
377	Eligibility clerks, social welfare	116	71,910	14,954	19,500	20.8	27.1
378	Bill and account collectors	205	124,676	8,710	9,477	7.0	7.6
379	General office clerks	1,338	809,367	93,053	113,061	11.5	14.0
383	Bank tellers	855	490,990	11,963	18,939	2.4	3.9
384	Proofreaders	50	28,786	857	857	3.0	3.0
385	Data-entry keyers	597	358,655	28,083	40,555	7.8	11.3
386	Statistical clerks	133	82,717	14,299	18,708	17.3	22.6
387	Teachers aides	731	421,899	113,462	152,132	26.9	36.1
389	Administrative support occupations, n.e.c.	1,679	992,690	153,064	180,271	15.4	18.2
	SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD	1,492	899,929	0	0	0.0	0.0
403	Launderers and ironers	3	2,003	0	0	0.0	0.0
404	Cooks, private household	27	15,003	0	0	0.0	0.0
405	Housekeepers and butlers	52	33,525	0	0	0.0	0.0
406	Child care workers, private household	666	367,495	0	0	0.0	0.0
407	Private household cleaners and servants	744	481,903	0	0	0.0	0.0
	SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, PROTECTIVE SERVICE	3,206	1,969,001	765,154	838,640	38.9	42.6
413	Supervisors, firefighting and fire prevention occupations	65	37,587	23,299	25,270	62.0	67.2
414	Supervisors, police and detectives	165	101,037	55,412	61,677	54.8	61.0
415	Supervisors, guards	72	45,086	7,467	8,889	16.6	19.7
416	Fire inspection and fire prevention occupations	39	20,193	3,367	4,787	16.7	23.7
417	Firefighting occupations	342	199,557	141,746	148,716	71.0	74.5
418	Police and detectives, public service	680	429,385	261,911	288,303	61.0	67.1
423	Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers	195	114,688	47,203	54,727	41.2	47.7
424	Correctional institution officers	351	217,230	122,253	126,439	56.3	58.2
425	Crossing guards	75	44,366	5,661	6,565	12.8	14.8
426	Guards and police, exc. public service	1,094	689,290	91,923	107,570	13.3	15.6
427	Protective service occupations, n.e.c.	128	70,583	4,911	5,695	7.0	8.1
	SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, EXC. PROTECTIVE & HOUSEHOLD	19,790	11,308,631	1,223,881	1,386,561	10.8	12.3
433	Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations	580	322,070	21,303	24,435	6.6	7.6
434	Bartenders	530	288,021	14,610	15,552	5.1	5.4
435	Waiters and waitresses	2,384	1,367,127	38,438	42,694	2.8	3.1
436	Cooks, except short order	2,688	1,547,279	96,645	115,271	6.2	7.4
437	Short-order cooks	165	94,833	3,253	3,810	3.4	4.0
438	Food counter, fountain and related occupations	562	312,951	3,289	4,232	1.1	1.4
439	Kitchen workers, food preparation	225	126,385	8,523	8,523	6.7	6.7
443	Waiters'/waitresses' assistants	594	345,807	26,012	28,639	7.5	8.3
444	Miscellaneous food preparation occupations	1,174	673,764	70,309	85,871	10.4	12.7
445	Dental assistants	308	167,663	667	1,557	0.4	0.9
446	Health aides, except nursing	677	413,709	53,453	60,778	12.9	14.7
447	Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants	2,430	1,391,667	205,588	230,062	14.8	16.5
448	Supervisors, cleaning and building service workers	274	158,824	27,789	32,492	17.5	20.5
449	Maids and housemen	1,045	584,352	81,036	91,813	13.9	15.7
453	Janitors and cleaners	3,528	2,042,101	420,882	470,505	20.6	23.0
454	Elevator operators	21	13,023	8,838	8,838	67.9	67.9
455	Pest control occupations	58	41,702	2,349	2,349	5.6	5.6
456	Supervisors, personal service occupations	59	29,809	2,059	4,362	6.9	14.6
457	Barbers	47	31,346	4,674	4,674	14.9	14.9
458	Hairdressers and cosmetologists	704	416,536	3,935	6,234	0.9	1.5
459	Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities	301	128,556	4,030	4,160	3.1	3.2
463	Guides	59	27,165	2,316	2,532	8.5	9.3
464	Ushers	37	26,673	1,094	1,094	4.1	4.1
465	Public transportation attendants	129	80,326	61,332	63,582	76.4	79.2
466	Baggage porters and bellhops	55	41,243	15,081	17,003	36.6	41.2
467	Welfare service aides	164	90,795	7,556	8,635	8.3	9.5
468	Child care workers, except private household	739	405,815	24,477	30,687	6.0	7.6
469	Personal service occupations, n.e.c.	253	139,089	14,343	16,177	10.3	11.6
	FARMING, FORESTRY, AND FISHING OCCUPATIONS	3,150	1,813,070	76,924	90,801	4.2	5.0
473	Farmers, except horticultural	11	6,166	0	0	0.0	0.0
474	Horticultural specialty farmers	1	298	0	0	0.0	0.0
475	Managers, farms, except horticultural	108	58,608	0	514	0.0	0.9
476	Managers, horticultural specialty farms	10	4,559	902	902	19.8	19.8
477	Supervisors, farm workers	46	27,271	4,790	5,917	17.6	21.7
479	Farm workers	1,414	780,449	6,593	7,150	0.8	0.9
483	Marine life cultivation workers	5	1,220	0	0	0.0	0.0
484	Nursery workers	55	32,816	496	496	1.5	1.5
485	Supervisors, related agricultural occupations	125	81,819	10,106	10,502	12.4	12.8
486	Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm	994	615,200	40,920	48,160	6.7	7.8
487	Animal caretakers, except farm	150	83,800	4,174	5,325	5.0	6.4
488	Graders and sorters, agricultural products	18	13,823	2,361	2,361	17.1	17.1
489	Inspectors, agricultural products	5	4,472	0	0	0.0	0.0
494	Supervisors, forestry and logging workers	15	7,917	886	886	11.2	11.2
495	Forestry workers, except logging	53	26,816	2,570	3,956	9.6	14.8
496	Timber cutting and logging occupations	101	50,289	2,806	3,872	5.6	7.7
497	Captains and other officers, fishing vessels	4	1,301	0	0	0.0	0.0
498	Fishers	32	15,661	321	761	2.1	4.9
499	Hunters and trappers	3	584	0	0	0.0	0.0
	PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAFT, & REPAIR OCCUPATIONS	13,225	7,812,262	2,001,689	2,156,283	25.6	27.6
503	Supervisors, mechanics and repairers	448	254,676	29,054	34,882	11.4	13.7
505	Automobile mechanics	1,132	689,811	74,594	85,709	10.8	12.4
506	Automobile mechanic apprentices	4	2,706	1,517	1,517	56.1	56.1
507	Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics	547	305,682	95,607	101,669	31.3	33.3
508	Aircraft engine mechanics	195	132,164	73,469	81,471	55.6	61.6
509	Small engine repairers	93	51,305	3,523	3,577	6.9	7.0
514	Automobile body and related repairers	250	137,577	10,267	10,575	7.5	7.7
515	Aircraft mechanics, exc. engine	29	18,878	6,485	7,114	34.4	37.7
516	Heavy equipment mechanics	295	151,379	61,388	69,212	40.6	45.7
517	Farm equipment mechanics	52	24,338	336	336	1.4	1.4
518	Industry machinery repairers	941	541,659	185,360	196,438	34.2	36.3
519	Machinery maintenance occupations	52	30,612	12,203	12,428	39.9	40.6
523	Electronic repairers, communications & industrial equipment	228	140,758	33,036	37,733	23.5	26.8
525	Data processing equipment repairers	220	141,029	2,715	4,435	1.9	3.1
526	Household appliance and power tool repairers	55	31,282	5,021	6,186	16.1	19.8
527	Telephone line installers and repairers	104	60,586	38,600	39,183	63.7	64.7
529	Telephone Installers and repairers	342	197,533	144,298	147,073	73.0	74.5
533	Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment repairers	103	58,015	26,284	26,971	45.3	46.5
534	Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics	370	219,616	49,486	51,384	22.5	23.4
535	Camera, watch, and musical instrument repairers	32	16,955	4,273	4,383	25.2	25.8
536	Locksmiths and safe repairers	30	17,650	750	750	4.2	4.2
538	Office machine repairers	120	63,029	2,237	3,070	3.5	4.9
539	Mechanical controls and valve repairers	32	17,792	9,177	9,513	51.6	53.5
543	Elevator installers and repairers	34	18,504	15,872	15,872	85.8	85.8
544	Millwrights	167	98,626	67,441	68,497	68.4	69.5
547	Specified mechanics and repairers, n.e.c.	658	401,093	100,667	111,647	25.1	27.8
549	Not specified mechanics and repairers	306	173,636	43,710	46,181	25.2	26.6
613	Supervisors, extractive occupations	84	42,791	3,516	3,633	8.2	8.5
614	Drillers, oil well	55	25,916	991	991	3.8	3.8
615	Explosives workers	15	8,010	1,749	1,749	21.8	21.8
616	Mining machine operators	78	35,927	16,616	17,383	46.2	48.4
617	Mining occupations, n.e.c.	53	23,151	8,220	8,220	35.5	35.5
633	Supervisors, production occupations	2,228	1,336,179	168,727	198,137	12.6	14.8
634	Tool and die makers	250	141,155	60,240	62,980	42.7	44.6
635	Tool and die maker apprentices	10	6,048	1,486	1,486	24.6	24.6
636	Precision assemblers, metal	13	7,219	3,362	3,362	46.6	46.6
637	Machinists	750	457,631	157,895	166,231	34.5	36.3
639	Machinist apprentices	8	7,066	0	0	0.0	0.0
643	Boilermakers	39	23,356	11,358	11,358	48.6	48.6
644	Precision grinders, filers, and tool sharpeners	29	15,911	5,952	5,952	37.4	37.4
645	Patternmakers and model makers, metal	10	5,774	2,642	3,248	45.8	56.2
646	Lay-out workers	18	10,273	4,135	5,023	40.3	48.9
647	Precious stones and metals workers (jewelers)	57	32,720	1,328	1,328	4.1	4.1
649	Engravers, metal	18	10,892	3,094	3,094	28.4	28.4
653	Sheet metal workers	198	113,163	47,106	47,834	41.6	42.3
654	Sheet metal worker apprentices	3	1,321	625	625	47.3	47.3
655	Miscellaneous precision metal workers	2	1,067	0	632	0.0	59.3
656	Patternmakers and model makers, wood	8	5,500	1,726	2,359	31.4	42.9
657	Cabinet makers and bench carpenters	71	48,959	11,711	11,711	23.9	23.9
658	Furniture and wood finishers	41	21,353	1,722	2,379	8.1	11.1
659	Miscellaneous precision woodworkers	1	704	704	704	100.0	100.0
666	Dressmakers	104	57,808	5,589	5,589	9.7	9.7
667	Tailors	67	44,501	6,429	6,429	14.4	14.4
668	Upholsterers	79	53,932	3,997	4,446	7.4	8.2
669	Shoe repairers	18	8,287	1,713	2,097	20.7	25.3
673	Apparel and fabric patternmakers	4	2,444	0	0	0.0	0.0
674	Miscellaneous precision apparel and fabric workers	8	4,029	0	0	0.0	0.0
675	Hand molders and shapers, except jewelers	25	14,573	6,184	6,480	42.4	44.5
676	Patternmakers, lay-out workers, and cutters	33	20,161	7,114	7,114	35.3	35.3
677	Optical goods workers	86	51,545	1,699	3,202	3.3	6.2
678	Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians	57	34,472	1,390	2,278	4.0	6.6
679	Bookbinders	67	41,719	7,417	9,601	17.8	23.0
683	Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers	460	310,661	81,290	87,226	26.2	28.1
684	Miscellaneous precision workers, n.e.c.	53	33,730	7,983	8,356	23.7	24.8
686	Butchers and meat cutters	431	242,111	74,652	78,363	30.8	32.4
687	Bakers	188	109,477	20,856	22,404	19.1	20.5
688	Food batchmakers	56	30,160	8,791	9,157	29.1	30.4
689	Inspectors, testers, and graders	170	112,983	38,119	40,947	33.7	36.2
693	Adjusters and calibrators	20	12,343	4,616	4,616	37.4	37.4
694	Water and sewage treatment plant operators	88	50,125	18,825	19,438	37.6	38.8
695	Power plant operators	76	43,673	31,576	32,523	72.3	74.5
696	Stationary engineers	166	102,501	39,662	43,219	38.7	42.2
699	Miscellaneous plant and system operators	91	52,050	21,510	24,572	41.3	47.2
	CONSTRUCTION TRADES	6,523	3,953,985	1,162,673	1,218,027	29.4	30.8
553	Supervisors; brickmasons, stonemasons, and tile setters	8	5,933	1,292	1,292	21.8	21.8
554	Supervisors; carpenters and related workers	40	24,832	13,084	13,084	52.7	52.7
555	Supervisors; electricians and power transmission installers	45	29,081	12,893	15,371	44.3	52.9
556	Supervisors; painters, paperhangers, and plasterers	13	5,609	755	755	13.5	13.5
557	Supervisors; plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	12	11,341	2,538	2,538	22.4	22.4
558	Supervisors; n.e.c.	638	365,555	92,811	98,334	25.4	26.9
563	Brickmasons and stonemasons	249	153,149	55,630	56,843	36.3	37.1
564	Brickmason and stonemason apprentices	11	5,662	2,016	2,016	35.6	35.6
565	Tile setters, hard and soft	51	35,671	12,412	12,412	34.8	34.8
566	Carpet installers	93	64,067	12,456	12,456	19.4	19.4
567	Carpenters	1,677	1,015,716	211,191	219,711	20.8	21.6
569	Carpenter apprentices	13	8,939	3,718	3,718	41.6	41.6
573	Drywall installers	185	112,645	18,284	18,630	16.2	16.5
575	Electricians	1,013	586,670	254,097	263,412	43.3	44.9
576	Electrician apprentices	58	37,427	7,915	8,982	21.1	24.0
577	Electrical power installers and repairers	197	106,996	62,057	64,379	58.0	60.2
579	Painters, construction and maintenance	551	348,798	51,741	53,694	14.8	15.4
583	Paperhangers	19	10,547	3,676	3,676	34.9	34.9
584	Plasterers	42	26,675	7,727	8,619	29.0	32.3
585	Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	651	407,102	178,916	188,662	43.9	46.3
587	Plumber, pipefitter, and steamfitter apprentices	29	15,967	4,485	6,869	28.1	43.0
588	Concrete and terrazzo finishers	120	84,690	16,186	16,783	19.1	19.8
589	Glaziers	51	28,613	6,513	6,513	22.8	22.8
593	Insulation workers	79	51,733	14,300	14,871	27.6	28.7
594	Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	27	16,601	2,748	2,748	16.6	16.6
595	Roofers	175	108,495	14,370	14,529	13.2	13.4
596	Sheetmetal duct installers	58	34,543	13,418	13,919	38.8	40.3
597	Structural metal workers	85	48,070	28,440	29,379	59.2	61.1
598	Drillers, earth	21	12,196	4,920	6,025	40.3	49.4
599	Construction trades, n.e.c.	312	190,660	52,086	57,806	27.3	30.3
	MACHINE OPERATORS, ASSEMBLERS, AND INSPECTORS	13,064	7,879,449	2,327,116	2,452,958	29.5	31.1
703	Lathe and turning machine set-up operators	37	18,998	8,593	9,442	45.2	49.7
704	Lathe and turning machine operators	105	62,555	23,530	23,530	37.6	37.6
705	Milling and planing machine operators	25	13,438	6,691	6,691	49.8	49.8
706	Punching and stamping press machine operators	191	124,842	60,720	61,075	48.6	48.9
707	Rolling machine operators	24	15,786	10,730	10,730	68.0	68.0
708	Drilling and boring machine operators	49	32,039	13,693	13,693	42.7	42.7
709	Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators	226	135,829	50,699	51,916	37.3	38.2
713	Forging machine operators	24	13,237	9,348	9,348	70.6	70.6
714	Numerical control machine operators	3	2,343	1,773	1,773	75.7	75.7
715	Misc. metal, plastic, stone, & glass working machine operators	58	33,144	13,541	13,541	40.9	40.9
717	Fabricating machine operators, n.e.c.	40	22,770	4,988	5,947	21.9	26.1
719	Molding and casting machine operators	169	105,746	32,801	34,474	31.0	32.6
723	Metal plating machine operators	58	38,139	12,158	12,158	31.9	31.9
724	Heat treating equipment operators	27	19,556	10,965	10,965	56.1	56.1
725	Miscellaneous metal and plastic processing machine operators	23	12,064	3,319	3,319	27.5	27.5
726	Wood lathe, routing, and planing machine operators	22	9,641	797	797	8.3	8.3
727	Sawing machine operators	168	95,549	20,523	20,899	21.5	21.9
728	Shaping and joining machine operators	10	5,291	0	0	0.0	0.0
729	Nail and tacking machine operators	5	3,536	821	1,704	23.2	48.2
733	Miscellaneous woodworking machine operators	59	27,144	4,087	4,087	15.1	15.1
734	Printing machine operators	514	313,280	70,978	73,875	22.7	23.6
735	Photoengravers and lithographers	88	60,457	17,728	19,669	29.3	32.5
736	Typesetters and compositors	106	61,733	4,070	4,763	6.6	7.7
737	Miscellaneous printing machine operators	68	43,155	3,447	4,428	8.0	10.3
738	Winding and twisting machine operators	143	73,908	5,725	8,397	7.7	11.4
739	Knitting, looping, taping, and weaving machine operators	93	42,341	5,100	5,858	12.0	13.8
743	Textile cutting machine operators	11	5,281	1,439	1,439	27.3	27.3
744	Textile sewing machine operators	1,138	718,551	138,573	150,750	19.3	21.0
745	Shoe machine operators	72	34,506	6,746	7,912	19.5	22.9
747	Pressing machine operators	212	142,392	27,520	29,853	19.3	21.0
748	Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators	349	198,568	28,573	31,534	14.4	15.9
749	Miscellaneous textile machine operators	133	72,828	10,833	12,710	14.9	17.5
753	Cementing and gluing machine operators	55	33,117	11,533	11,933	34.8	36.0
754	Packaging and filling machine operators	696	414,840	112,703	116,539	27.2	28.1
755	Extruding and forming machine operators	53	32,454	12,407	13,116	38.2	40.4
756	Mixing and blending machine operators	164	98,797	37,096	38,088	37.5	38.6
757	Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators	99	53,699	32,653	33,816	60.8	63.0
758	Compressing and compacting machine operators	39	22,974	9,878	10,418	43.0	45.3
759	Painting and paint spraying machine operators	301	196,860	53,329	54,274	27.1	27.6
763	Roasting and baking machine operators, food	14	5,135	1,402	1,402	27.3	27.3
764	Washing, cleaning, and pickling machine operators	22	11,283	1,745	2,346	15.5	20.8
765	Folding machine operators	32	15,673	4,807	4,807	30.7	30.7
766	Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, exc. food	188	100,799	53,228	56,245	52.8	55.8
768	Crushing and grinding machine operators	89	45,314	10,662	13,103	23.5	28.9
769	Slicing and cutting machine operators	337	201,495	67,537	69,357	33.5	34.4
773	Motion picture projectionists	12	7,013	2,517	2,517	35.9	35.9
774	Photographic process machine operators	163	107,232	12,600	12,832	11.7	12.0
777	Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c.	1,611	991,813	361,950	376,672	36.5	38.0
779	Machine operators, not specified	537	311,681	112,958	121,626	36.2	39.0
783	Welders and cutters	880	531,824	199,001	206,968	37.4	38.9
784	Solderers and brazers	81	53,710	11,396	13,853	21.2	25.8
785	Assemblers	1,805	1,102,881	342,467	359,906	31.1	32.6
786	Hand cutting and trimming occupations	30	17,691	2,319	2,319	13.1	13.1
787	Hand molding, casting, and forming occupations	32	20,643	5,261	5,261	25.5	25.5
789	Hand painting, coating, and decorating occupations	59	32,899	4,464	5,791	13.6	17.6
793	Hand engraving and printing occupations	24	11,063	1,317	1,317	11.9	11.9
794	Hand grinding and polishing occupations	8	4,599	1,457	1,457	31.7	31.7
795	Miscellaneous hand working occupations	58	29,815	2,775	4,154	9.3	13.9
796	Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners	1,132	691,682	216,125	230,630	31.2	33.3
797	Production testers	111	65,680	14,397	18,174	21.9	27.7
798	Production samplers and weighers	18	8,925	3,405	3,405	38.1	38.1
799	Graders and sorters, exc. agricultural	164	99,210	13,216	13,356	13.3	13.5
	TRANSPORTATION AND MATERIAL MOVING OCCUPATIONS	7,580	4,417,960	1,329,942	1,406,785	30.1	31.8
803	Supervisors, motor vehicle operators	92	55,137	9,148	12,031	16.6	21.8
804	Truck drivers, heavy	2,761	1,570,813	430,649	451,182	27.4	28.7
805	Truck drivers, light	1,193	745,235	118,909	124,522	16.0	16.7
806	Driver-sales workers	311	182,850	55,668	59,380	30.4	32.5
808	Bus drivers	765	448,959	170,599	195,090	38.0	43.5
809	Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs	254	152,757	18,558	19,032	12.1	12.5
813	Parking lot attendants	78	47,226	10,985	11,396	23.3	24.1
814	Motor transportation occupations, n.e.c.	10	8,897	2,532	4,514	28.5	50.7
823	Railroad conductors and yardmasters	78	40,167	35,254	35,254	87.8	87.8
824	Locomotive operating occupations	102	53,537	48,503	48,503	90.6	90.6
825	Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators	80	37,135	34,223	34,350	92.2	92.5
826	Rail vehicle operators, n.e.c.	10	7,176	7,176	7,176	100.0	100.0
828	Ship captains and mates, except fishing boats	50	30,837	7,976	7,976	25.9	25.9
829	Sailors and deckhands	31	18,778	6,933	6,933	36.9	36.9
833	Marine engineers	2	1,614	1,614	1,614	100.0	100.0
834	Bridge, lock, and lighthouse tenders	7	3,418	122	122	3.6	3.6
843	Supervisors, material moving equipment operators	29	17,154	4,378	4,378	25.5	25.5
844	Operating engineers	362	198,553	75,067	78,873	37.8	39.7
845	Longshore equipment operators	1	579	579	579	100.0	100.0
848	Hoist and winch operators	33	21,278	1,403	1,403	6.6	6.6
849	Crane and tower operators	141	84,048	56,471	56,887	67.2	67.7
853	Excavating and loading machine operators	178	92,811	19,513	20,826	21.0	22.4
855	Grader, dozer, and scraper operators	167	84,399	22,102	24,845	26.2	29.4
856	Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators	710	439,240	165,552	173,561	37.7	39.5
859	Miscellaneous material moving equipment operators	135	75,363	26,028	26,356	34.5	35.0
	HANDLERS, EQUIPMENT CLEANERS, HELPERS, & LABORERS	7,911	4,712,759	1,158,391	1,245,276	24.6	26.4
863	Supervisors, handlers, equipment cleaners, & laborers, n.e.c.	18	10,040	2,174	2,713	21.7	27.0
864	Helpers, mechanics and repairers	55	33,760	4,887	5,396	14.5	16.0
865	Helpers, construction trades	210	135,315	16,467	17,480	12.2	12.9
866	Helpers, surveyor	22	12,102	819	1,422	6.8	11.7
867	Helpers, extractive occupations	8	4,500	2,003	2,003	44.5	44.5
869	Construction laborers	1,269	766,358	190,548	203,899	24.9	26.6
873	Production helpers	98	62,715	17,651	18,883	28.1	30.1
875	Garbage collectors	66	39,378	8,508	9,255	21.6	23.5
876	Stevedores	29	19,856	18,243	18,243	91.9	91.9
877	Stock handlers and baggers	1,528	904,524	190,010	207,987	21.0	23.0
878	Machine feeders and offbearers	189	111,348	44,891	45,529	40.3	40.9
883	Freight, stock, and material handlers, n.e.c.	1,101	670,884	221,881	238,060	33.1	35.5
885	Garage and service station related occupations	404	231,167	8,152	9,224	3.5	4.0
887	Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners	383	236,169	36,795	42,182	15.6	17.9
888	Hand packers and packagers	530	294,295	80,858	86,379	27.5	29.4
889	Laborers, except construction	2,001	1,180,349	314,506	336,622	26.6	28.5
Data Sources: Current Population Survey (CPS) Outgoing Rotation Group (ORG) Earnings Files, 1988. Sample includes
employed wage and salary workers, ages 16 and over. Variable definitions are: COC=1980 Census occupation code
used in CPS, Obs=CPS sample size, Employment=wage and salary employment, Members=employed workers who are
union members, Covered=workers covered by a collective bargaining agreement, %Mem=percent of employed workers
who are union members, and %Cov=percent of employed workers who are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
© 2002 by Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson.  The use of data requires citation.