Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by Occupation, 1990 (details in table note)
COC	Occupation Name	Obs	Employment	Members	Covered	%Mem	%Cov
	EXECUTIVE, ADMINISTRATIVE, & MANAGERIAL OCCUPATIONS	21,086	11,804,516	709,141	962,867	6.0	8.2
3	Legislators	17	7,949	0	0	0.0	0.0
4	Chief executives and general administrators, public admin.	32	16,570	2,981	2,981	18.0	18.0
5	Administrators and officials, public administration	966	501,884	72,083	108,432	14.4	21.6
6	Administrators, protective services	100	56,462	7,469	12,714	13.2	22.5
7	Financial managers	818	465,558	4,614	7,983	1.0	1.7
8	Personnel and labor relations managers	210	118,352	4,635	6,505	3.9	5.5
9	Purchasing managers	199	111,126	4,174	6,637	3.8	6.0
13	Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations	827	475,641	4,381	8,681	0.9	1.8
14	Administrators, education and related fields	975	517,910	106,560	130,291	20.6	25.2
15	Managers, medicine and health	318	171,344	9,559	13,647	5.6	8.0
16	Managers, properties and real estate	486	290,961	9,570	10,435	3.3	3.6
17	Postmasters and mail superintendents	71	30,391	18,750	20,372	61.7	67.0
18	Funeral directors	39	23,845	1,000	1,000	4.2	4.2
19	Managers and administrators, n.e.c.	9,906	5,536,898	207,035	281,323	3.7	5.1
23	Accountants and auditors	2,172	1,263,014	75,189	106,263	6.0	8.4
24	Underwriters	160	94,981	1,753	2,537	1.8	2.7
25	Other financial officers	1,160	657,633	25,952	36,964	3.9	5.6
26	Management analysts	178	104,679	3,478	8,517	3.3	8.1
27	Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists	687	381,753	34,370	47,713	9.0	12.5
28	Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products	13	5,335	809	809	15.2	15.2
29	Buyers, wholesale and retail trade except farm products	316	180,390	4,644	5,362	2.6	3.0
33	Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c.	443	253,906	13,642	23,015	5.4	9.1
34	Business and promotion agents	34	15,841	708	708	4.5	4.5
35	Construction inspectors	121	71,519	19,178	24,152	26.8	33.8
36	Inspectors and compliance officers, exc. construction	363	191,272	60,656	76,132	31.7	39.8
37	Management related occupations, n.e.c.	475	259,302	15,951	19,693	6.2	7.6
	PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS	16,640	9,226,361	1,013,274	1,285,271	11.0	13.9
43	Architects	136	79,607	3,111	5,923	3.9	7.4
44	Aerospace engineers	148	104,490	6,762	11,897	6.5	11.4
45	Metallurgical and materials engineers	44	24,949	1,201	1,818	4.8	7.3
46	Mining engineers	14	6,035	869	869	14.4	14.4
47	Petroleum engineers	32	14,974	826	826	5.5	5.5
48	Chemical engineers	120	66,501	1,443	2,489	2.2	3.7
49	Nuclear engineers	19	11,136	0	0	0.0	0.0
53	Civil engineers	402	216,215	26,154	34,933	12.1	16.2
54	Agricultural engineers	5	3,461	0	0	0.0	0.0
55	Electrical and electronic engineers	966	575,427	34,294	47,734	6.0	8.3
56	Industrial engineers	353	203,195	17,731	21,958	8.7	10.8
57	Mechanical engineers	485	298,763	14,476	19,944	4.8	6.7
58	Marine and naval architects engineers	15	7,364	1,828	1,828	24.8	24.8
59	Engineers, n.e.c.	455	258,670	10,583	18,288	4.1	7.1
63	Surveyors and mapping scientists	40	21,738	272	272	1.3	1.3
64	Computer systems analysts and scientists	950	556,666	20,457	30,275	3.7	5.4
65	Operations and systems researchers and analysts	385	225,087	11,846	25,954	5.3	11.5
66	Actuaries	32	21,340	0	0	0.0	0.0
67	Statisticians	40	24,663	3,234	3,813	13.1	15.5
68	Mathematical scientists, n.e.c.	10	6,287	254	1,187	4.0	18.9
69	Physicists and astronomers	45	21,701	0	1,473	0.0	6.8
73	Chemists, except biochemists	218	122,228	5,496	7,502	4.5	6.1
74	Atmospheric and space scientists	12	6,998	498	639	7.1	9.1
75	Geologists and geodesists	93	45,836	2,012	2,198	4.4	4.8
76	Physical scientists, n.e.c.	36	19,866	1,933	1,933	9.7	9.7
77	Agricultural and food scientists	39	16,120	679	1,171	4.2	7.3
78	Biological and life scientists	150	80,911	5,075	6,703	6.3	8.3
79	Forestry and conservation scientists	63	22,323	2,087	3,243	9.3	14.5
83	Medical scientists	69	38,091	1,146	2,191	3.0	5.8
84	Physicians	498	281,351	23,083	33,611	8.2	11.9
85	Dentists	31	17,364	789	1,307	4.5	7.5
86	Veterinarians	47	30,827	1,172	1,172	3.8	3.8
87	Optometrists	11	4,342	504	504	11.6	11.6
88	Podiatrists	7	3,106	0	0	0.0	0.0
89	Health diagnosing practitioners, n.e.c.	7	3,684	0	0	0.0	0.0
95	Registered nurses	3,093	1,656,605	274,228	344,974	16.6	20.8
96	Pharmacists	251	138,793	12,695	17,121	9.1	12.3
97	Dietitians	154	86,389	10,347	13,208	12.0	15.3
98	Inhalation therapists	105	61,674	6,071	7,168	9.8	11.6
99	Occupational therapists	66	35,660	8,088	10,475	22.7	29.4
103	Physical therapists	131	74,064	3,002	7,205	4.1	9.7
104	Speech therapists	100	52,176	21,209	25,725	40.6	49.3
105	Therapists, n.e.c.	111	66,097	7,548	9,168	11.4	13.9
106	Physicians' assistants	114	64,877	14,438	17,324	22.3	26.7
163	Counselors, educational and vocational	398	216,217	79,974	93,504	37.0	43.2
164	Librarians	389	189,403	48,824	58,176	25.8	30.7
165	Archivists and curators	40	18,638	1,390	1,679	7.5	9.0
166	Economists	178	97,668	3,154	4,193	3.2	4.3
167	Psychologists	267	147,070	29,334	34,080	19.9	23.2
168	Sociologists	4	2,460	0	0	0.0	0.0
169	Social scientists, n.e.c.	36	16,510	380	777	2.3	4.7
173	Urban planners	28	15,943	1,076	1,076	6.8	6.8
174	Social workers	1,035	558,602	149,482	165,006	26.8	29.5
175	Recreation workers	182	103,928	4,003	7,379	3.9	7.1
176	Clergy	535	292,780	1,833	4,502	0.6	1.5
177	Religious workers, n.e.c.	170	92,731	311	311	0.3	0.3
178	Lawyers	772	414,119	16,016	22,194	3.9	5.4
179	Judges	60	29,301	3,709	5,379	12.7	18.4
183	Authors	27	15,108	2,296	2,924	15.2	19.4
184	Technical writers	109	61,859	2,973	4,897	4.8	7.9
185	Designers	698	393,464	18,215	21,821	4.6	5.5
186	Musicians and composers	142	83,562	12,884	13,421	15.4	16.1
187	Actors and directors	116	66,645	14,120	14,718	21.2	22.1
188	Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist print-makers	150	84,527	4,450	7,966	5.3	9.4
189	Photographers	115	64,067	6,058	6,058	9.5	9.5
193	Dancers	21	11,955	3,750	3,750	31.4	31.4
194	Artists, performers, and related workers, n.e.c.	101	53,287	9,079	13,040	17.0	24.5
195	Editors and reporters	462	253,143	27,802	30,036	11.0	11.9
197	Public relations specialists	298	146,798	8,492	11,981	5.8	8.2
198	Announcers	95	50,713	2,172	3,843	4.3	7.6
199	Athletes	110	68,213	4,058	6,539	5.9	9.6
	TEACHERS, POSTSECONDARY	1,470	789,664	132,650	178,293	16.8	22.6
113	Earth, environmental, and marine science teachers	10	4,319	0	0	0.0	0.0
114	Biological science teachers	46	21,750	2,338	6,186	10.7	28.4
115	Chemistry teachers	23	10,514	1,848	1,848	17.6	17.6
116	Physics teachers	30	16,211	2,700	5,143	16.7	31.7
117	Natural science teachers, n.e.c.	4	1,456	0	0	0.0	0.0
118	Psychology teachers	32	14,728	4,443	5,397	30.2	36.6
119	Economics teachers	30	16,771	1,453	3,364	8.7	20.1
123	History teachers	31	16,783	4,308	4,930	25.7	29.4
124	Political science teachers	18	12,403	3,527	3,957	28.4	31.9
125	Sociology teachers	19	8,657	2,049	3,142	23.7	36.3
126	Social science teachers, n.e.c.	11	5,612	0	577	0.0	10.3
127	Engineering teachers	55	27,406	4,594	6,891	16.8	25.1
128	Mathematical science teachers	89	48,758	11,207	12,642	23.0	25.9
129	Computer science teachers	42	19,298	1,675	2,268	8.7	11.8
133	Medical science teachers	24	14,014	1,870	2,480	13.3	17.7
134	Health specialties teachers	64	33,057	8,517	9,917	25.8	30.0
135	Business, commerce, and marketing teachers	75	41,924	7,041	11,369	16.8	27.1
136	Agriculture and forestry teachers	10	4,310	878	1,176	20.4	27.3
137	Art, drama, and music teachers	82	49,340	10,659	13,505	21.6	27.4
138	Physical education teachers	19	10,257	2,387	2,814	23.3	27.4
139	Education teachers	24	14,451	4,093	4,093	28.3	28.3
143	English teachers	119	67,642	7,542	10,203	11.2	15.1
144	Foreign language teachers	49	22,442	4,472	4,985	19.9	22.2
145	Law teachers	10	6,253	1,509	1,509	24.1	24.1
146	Social work teachers	5	4,390	0	609	0.0	13.9
147	Theology teachers	30	12,900	2,305	2,922	17.9	22.7
148	Trade and industrial teachers	8	3,696	506	1,089	13.7	29.5
149	Home economics teachers	3	932	0	148	0.0	15.9
153	Teachers, postsecondary, n.e.c.	7	4,006	660	660	16.5	16.5
154	Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified	501	275,386	40,070	54,468	14.6	19.8
	TEACHERS, EXCEPT POSTSECONDARY	7,142	3,850,448	1,819,233	2,145,540	47.2	55.7
155	Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten	788	443,660	93,361	110,881	21.0	25.0
156	Teachers, elementary school	2,821	1,502,217	840,634	985,588	56.0	65.6
157	Teachers, secondary school	2,262	1,204,463	669,307	802,359	55.6	66.6
158	Teachers, special education	502	268,299	171,341	189,437	63.9	70.6
159	Teachers, n.e.c.	769	431,809	44,590	57,276	10.3	13.3
	TECHNICIANS AND RELATED SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS	6,663	3,744,301	430,538	534,572	11.5	14.3
203	Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	572	301,221	28,810	38,653	9.6	12.8
204	Dental hygienists	144	83,588	2,742	3,282	3.3	3.9
205	Health record technologists and technicians	132	77,991	7,648	10,389	9.8	13.3
206	Radiologic technicians	223	119,947	14,015	16,412	11.7	13.7
207	Licensed practical nurses	786	436,739	52,257	59,758	12.0	13.7
208	Health technologists and technicians, n.e.c.	488	268,744	30,451	33,218	11.3	12.4
213	Electrical and electronic technicians	608	347,731	60,771	83,092	17.5	23.9
214	Industrial engineering technicians	8	4,655	439	439	9.4	9.4
215	Mechanical engineering technicians	37	22,369	2,629	3,865	11.8	17.3
216	Engineering technicians, n.e.c.	409	235,660	23,211	30,107	9.8	12.8
217	Drafting occupations	446	262,776	18,450	26,597	7.0	10.1
218	Surveying and mapping technicians	130	71,114	5,160	6,824	7.3	9.6
223	Biological technicians	111	59,482	5,209	5,209	8.8	8.8
224	Chemical technicians	174	86,826	14,847	17,131	17.1	19.7
225	Science technicians, n.e.c.	147	81,892	12,692	13,178	15.5	16.1
226	Airplane pilots and navigators	182	108,327	54,072	57,650	49.9	53.2
227	Air traffic controllers	65	37,513	19,204	22,662	51.2	60.4
228	Broadcast equipment operators	45	28,380	8,560	9,189	30.2	32.4
229	Computer programmers	1,003	582,863	28,376	44,890	4.9	7.7
233	Tool programmers, numerical control	8	4,639	612	612	13.2	13.2
234	Legal assistants	391	216,537	7,192	9,010	3.3	4.2
235	Technicians, n.e.c.	554	305,303	33,192	42,405	10.9	13.9
	SALES OCCUPATIONS	20,390	11,521,782	579,949	678,115	5.0	5.9
243	Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations	4,449	2,534,949	113,919	136,967	4.5	5.4
253	Insurance sales occupations	717	419,322	19,994	23,631	4.8	5.6
254	Real estate sales occupations	729	414,179	12,689	16,383	3.1	4.0
255	Securities and financial services sales occupations	397	234,388	2,531	4,097	1.1	1.7
256	Advertising and related sales occupations	254	145,079	7,092	8,595	4.9	5.9
257	Sales occupations, other business services	979	585,939	22,030	26,677	3.8	4.6
258	Sales engineers	53	29,216	0	0	0.0	0.0
259	Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale	2,394	1,379,129	28,419	38,178	2.1	2.8
263	Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats	450	259,211	2,104	3,018	0.8	1.2
264	Sales workers, apparel	817	441,372	5,926	7,566	1.3	1.7
265	Sales workers, shoes	183	100,327	1,019	1,944	1.0	1.9
266	Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings	227	132,963	1,918	1,918	1.4	1.4
267	Sales workers, radio, TV, hi-fi, and appliances	305	172,197	129	776	0.1	0.5
268	Sales workers, hardware and building supplies	360	192,776	1,859	3,335	1.0	1.7
269	Sales workers, parts	275	145,451	4,928	7,037	3.4	4.8
274	Sales workers, other commodities	2,445	1,351,346	38,724	45,570	2.9	3.4
275	Sales counter clerks	333	180,268	7,247	7,464	4.0	4.1
276	Cashiers	4,437	2,458,220	301,894	334,202	12.3	13.6
277	Street and door-to-door sales workers	345	201,595	4,097	4,457	2.0	2.2
278	News vendors	147	86,761	1,691	4,561	1.9	5.3
283	Demonstrators, promoters and models, sales	59	34,665	1,741	1,741	5.0	5.0
284	Auctioneers	5	4,305	0	0	0.0	0.0
285	Sales support occupations, n.e.c.	30	18,124	0	0	0.0	0.0
	ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, INC. CLERICAL	32,232	18,026,131	2,451,214	2,909,088	13.6	16.1
303	Supervisors, general office	838	470,124	39,261	53,797	8.4	11.4
304	Supervisors, computer equipment operators	83	47,118	2,044	5,405	4.3	11.5
305	Supervisors, financial records processing	159	90,067	4,206	5,658	4.7	6.3
306	Chief communications operators	4	1,957	0	0	0.0	0.0
307	Supervisors; distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks	292	163,531	38,683	42,465	23.7	26.0
308	Computer operators	1,405	793,374	76,246	96,113	9.6	12.1
309	Peripheral equipment operators	15	8,392	880	880	10.5	10.5
313	Secretaries	7,065	3,849,528	281,714	367,975	7.3	9.6
314	Stenographers	71	41,629	8,918	10,482	21.4	25.2
315	Typists	1,120	611,031	91,177	109,314	14.9	17.9
316	Interviewers	366	204,625	10,427	15,631	5.1	7.6
317	Hotel clerks	165	87,177	4,583	5,488	5.3	6.3
318	Transportation ticket and reservation agents	221	118,604	27,665	32,259	23.3	27.2
319	Receptionists	1,432	804,256	29,053	37,845	3.6	4.7
323	Information clerks, n.e.c.	413	240,485	14,972	21,827	6.2	9.1
325	Classified-ad clerks	20	11,275	1,180	1,180	10.5	10.5
326	Correspondence clerks	27	17,847	492	1,435	2.8	8.0
327	Order clerks	349	195,428	67,416	70,855	34.5	36.3
328	Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping	128	70,896	3,021	4,305	4.3	6.1
329	Library clerks	300	167,913	19,150	23,414	11.4	13.9
335	File clerks	545	303,995	23,583	26,376	7.8	8.7
336	Records clerks	250	145,164	17,044	22,079	11.7	15.2
337	Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks	2,999	1,636,995	83,617	98,066	5.1	6.0
338	Payroll and timekeeping clerks	334	196,045	25,446	31,288	13.0	16.0
339	Billing clerks	326	181,575	18,084	21,325	10.0	11.7
343	Cost and rate clerks	120	69,525	4,990	6,509	7.2	9.4
344	Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators	83	46,803	5,128	5,926	11.0	12.7
345	Duplicating machine operators	48	32,848	2,775	3,808	8.4	11.6
346	Mail preparing and paper handling machine operators	17	8,365	1,114	1,172	13.3	14.0
347	Office machine operators, n.e.c.	56	29,435	2,573	3,080	8.7	10.5
348	Telephone operators	381	207,862	71,864	80,703	34.6	38.8
349	Telegraphers	13	7,660	1,978	1,978	25.8	25.8
353	Communications equipment operators, n.e.c.	9	5,185	0	0	0.0	0.0
354	Postal clerks, exc. mail carriers	530	296,780	230,127	250,800	77.5	84.5
355	Mail carriers, postal service	580	332,849	275,389	292,262	82.7	87.8
356	Mail clerks, exc. postal service	323	183,861	30,131	36,120	16.4	19.6
357	Messengers	247	137,666	5,292	5,292	3.8	3.8
359	Dispatchers	385	219,508	48,822	54,034	22.2	24.6
363	Production coordinators	345	198,306	26,151	32,345	13.2	16.3
364	Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks	882	529,668	106,255	114,904	20.1	21.7
365	Stock and inventory clerks	1,011	588,459	111,679	133,029	19.0	22.6
366	Meter readers	81	40,613	16,321	18,135	40.2	44.7
368	Weighers, measurers, and checkers	137	82,097	15,099	17,223	18.4	21.0
369	Samplers	1	543	0	0	0.0	0.0
373	Expediters	227	124,255	23,664	24,937	19.0	20.1
374	Material recording, scheduling, & distributing clerks, n.e.c.	57	28,334	6,268	9,095	22.1	32.1
375	Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators	584	336,490	12,761	17,819	3.8	5.3
376	Investigators and adjusters, except insurance	904	522,133	32,503	41,978	6.2	8.0
377	Eligibility clerks, social welfare	156	91,552	17,496	20,851	19.1	22.8
378	Bill and account collectors	238	137,055	8,847	11,729	6.5	8.6
379	General office clerks	1,378	761,238	105,840	133,744	13.9	17.6
383	Bank tellers	842	457,025	8,460	15,559	1.9	3.4
384	Proofreaders	54	30,402	2,048	2,048	6.7	6.7
385	Data-entry keyers	842	496,696	66,398	75,317	13.4	15.2
386	Statistical clerks	154	89,404	21,373	26,310	23.9	29.4
387	Teachers aides	891	498,973	146,684	187,466	29.4	37.6
389	Administrative support occupations, n.e.c.	1,729	975,507	154,323	179,453	15.8	18.4
	SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD	1,351	763,943	0	412	0.0	0.1
403	Launderers and ironers	2	572	0	0	0.0	0.0
404	Cooks, private household	23	12,623	0	0	0.0	0.0
405	Housekeepers and butlers	63	40,100	0	0	0.0	0.0
406	Child care workers, private household	572	303,994	0	412	0.0	0.1
407	Private household cleaners and servants	691	406,654	0	0	0.0	0.0
	SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, PROTECTIVE SERVICE	3,391	1,939,836	754,549	840,360	38.9	43.3
413	Supervisors, firefighting and fire prevention occupations	77	41,196	27,006	28,484	65.6	69.1
414	Supervisors, police and detectives	154	86,559	42,337	46,015	48.9	53.2
415	Supervisors, guards	83	45,197	3,295	5,600	7.3	12.4
416	Fire inspection and fire prevention occupations	33	14,439	5,746	6,232	39.8	43.2
417	Firefighting occupations	345	200,059	140,504	150,691	70.2	75.3
418	Police and detectives, public service	803	471,351	273,153	299,585	58.0	63.6
423	Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers	185	106,130	31,211	33,116	29.4	31.2
424	Correctional institution officers	408	243,694	123,271	140,535	50.6	57.7
425	Crossing guards	58	30,403	9,520	10,839	31.3	35.7
426	Guards and police, exc. public service	1,124	642,135	95,845	115,603	14.9	18.0
427	Protective service occupations, n.e.c.	121	58,673	2,661	3,661	4.5	6.2
	SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, EXC. PROTECTIVE & HOUSEHOLD	21,215	11,695,974	1,234,876	1,400,392	10.6	12.0
433	Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations	613	333,759	15,788	19,272	4.7	5.8
434	Bartenders	519	286,545	16,944	17,483	5.9	6.1
435	Waiters and waitresses	2,524	1,389,918	42,796	49,822	3.1	3.6
436	Cooks, except short order	2,984	1,666,603	98,723	117,638	5.9	7.1
437	Short-order cooks	138	79,073	1,901	1,901	2.4	2.4
438	Food counter, fountain and related occupations	648	353,981	5,808	7,013	1.6	2.0
439	Kitchen workers, food preparation	233	131,146	12,788	13,661	9.8	10.4
443	Waiters'/waitresses' assistants	636	360,654	25,309	33,999	7.0	9.4
444	Miscellaneous food preparation occupations	1,276	702,769	69,918	82,471	9.9	11.7
445	Dental assistants	333	189,417	4,853	5,389	2.6	2.8
446	Health aides, except nursing	773	433,055	56,738	69,751	13.1	16.1
447	Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants	2,579	1,426,218	200,500	228,992	14.1	16.1
448	Supervisors, cleaning and building service workers	252	141,691	21,609	23,004	15.3	16.2
449	Maids and housemen	1,174	615,085	63,764	73,843	10.4	12.0
453	Janitors and cleaners	3,696	2,062,964	451,228	485,745	21.9	23.5
454	Elevator operators	18	9,518	3,257	3,257	34.2	34.2
455	Pest control occupations	55	33,047	1,359	2,055	4.1	6.2
456	Supervisors, personal service occupations	72	32,506	261	1,079	0.8	3.3
457	Barbers	50	32,494	4,101	4,101	12.6	12.6
458	Hairdressers and cosmetologists	713	394,965	7,363	10,574	1.9	2.7
459	Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities	331	142,986	5,843	7,576	4.1	5.3
463	Guides	85	43,287	3,208	3,636	7.4	8.4
464	Ushers	34	21,035	541	1,343	2.6	6.4
465	Public transportation attendants	153	97,167	62,704	64,900	64.5	66.8
466	Baggage porters and bellhops	66	35,858	12,988	12,988	36.2	36.2
467	Welfare service aides	182	100,361	8,031	10,828	8.0	10.8
468	Child care workers, except private household	777	420,640	24,715	33,626	5.9	8.0
469	Personal service occupations, n.e.c.	301	159,234	11,840	14,443	7.4	9.1
	FARMING, FORESTRY, AND FISHING OCCUPATIONS	3,214	1,812,316	89,218	100,445	4.9	5.5
473	Farmers, except horticultural	12	7,756	1,139	1,139	14.7	14.7
474	Horticultural specialty farmers	0
475	Managers, farms, except horticultural	118	63,081	604	604	1.0	1.0
476	Managers, horticultural specialty farms	10	6,082	0	0	0.0	0.0
477	Supervisors, farm workers	49	34,562	0	1,144	0.0	3.3
479	Farm workers	1,315	711,157	8,242	8,242	1.2	1.2
483	Marine life cultivation workers	3	1,595	592	592	37.1	37.1
484	Nursery workers	85	47,622	1,844	1,844	3.9	3.9
485	Supervisors, related agricultural occupations	107	64,614	4,965	7,870	7.7	12.2
486	Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm	1,128	659,416	62,370	66,634	9.5	10.1
487	Animal caretakers, except farm	158	87,792	4,649	5,454	5.3	6.2
488	Graders and sorters, agricultural products	41	28,276	1,482	1,482	5.2	5.2
489	Inspectors, agricultural products	1	305	0	0	0.0	0.0
494	Supervisors, forestry and logging workers	11	6,897	0	0	0.0	0.0
495	Forestry workers, except logging	34	15,197	673	673	4.4	4.4
496	Timber cutting and logging occupations	103	59,971	2,657	4,766	4.4	7.9
497	Captains and other officers, fishing vessels	8	4,978	0	0	0.0	0.0
498	Fishers	30	12,541	0	0	0.0	0.0
499	Hunters and trappers	1	474	0	0	0.0	0.0
	PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAFT, & REPAIR OCCUPATIONS	13,567	7,733,921	1,903,463	2,059,209	24.6	26.6
503	Supervisors, mechanics and repairers	433	239,499	24,257	29,490	10.1	12.3
505	Automobile mechanics	1,168	679,783	66,723	71,984	9.8	10.6
506	Automobile mechanic apprentices	1	69	0	0	0.0	0.0
507	Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics	534	291,402	78,811	84,184	27.0	28.9
508	Aircraft engine mechanics	181	105,041	44,525	52,110	42.4	49.6
509	Small engine repairers	91	50,542	1,550	1,550	3.1	3.1
514	Automobile body and related repairers	259	146,138	5,185	6,015	3.5	4.1
515	Aircraft mechanics, exc. engine	28	18,561	12,535	13,722	67.5	73.9
516	Heavy equipment mechanics	301	153,982	58,086	59,247	37.7	38.5
517	Farm equipment mechanics	62	34,087	692	2,234	2.0	6.6
518	Industry machinery repairers	890	502,784	161,701	167,405	32.2	33.3
519	Machinery maintenance occupations	42	17,772	11,147	11,719	62.7	65.9
523	Electronic repairers, communications & industrial equipment	262	159,321	36,922	42,672	23.2	26.8
525	Data processing equipment repairers	262	155,111	13,688	17,922	8.8	11.6
526	Household appliance and power tool repairers	63	34,045	5,107	5,565	15.0	16.3
527	Telephone line installers and repairers	110	60,974	41,679	42,163	68.4	69.1
529	Telephone Installers and repairers	328	181,256	130,271	141,295	71.9	78.0
533	Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment repairers	100	57,593	27,175	27,961	47.2	48.5
534	Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics	365	216,610	48,994	55,265	22.6	25.5
535	Camera, watch, and musical instrument repairers	38	20,990	4,517	4,517	21.5	21.5
536	Locksmiths and safe repairers	19	9,049	2,489	2,489	27.5	27.5
538	Office machine repairers	130	80,194	3,246	5,979	4.0	7.5
539	Mechanical controls and valve repairers	38	24,416	7,773	9,608	31.8	39.4
543	Elevator installers and repairers	46	27,672	21,598	21,598	78.0	78.0
544	Millwrights	165	89,306	58,180	58,383	65.1	65.4
547	Specified mechanics and repairers, n.e.c.	657	373,073	89,079	92,672	23.9	24.8
549	Not specified mechanics and repairers	398	224,837	61,621	69,131	27.4	30.7
613	Supervisors, extractive occupations	87	41,489	3,902	5,105	9.4	12.3
614	Drillers, oil well	53	27,672	2,480	2,480	9.0	9.0
615	Explosives workers	16	6,709	999	999	14.9	14.9
616	Mining machine operators	92	42,827	23,704	24,741	55.3	57.8
617	Mining occupations, n.e.c.	53	24,966	9,494	9,494	38.0	38.0
633	Supervisors, production occupations	2,264	1,325,633	142,151	170,223	10.7	12.8
634	Tool and die makers	247	146,422	59,434	64,487	40.6	44.0
635	Tool and die maker apprentices	6	3,969	0	0	0.0	0.0
636	Precision assemblers, metal	29	15,909	5,916	5,916	37.2	37.2
637	Machinists	793	466,392	176,511	182,584	37.8	39.1
639	Machinist apprentices	8	5,340	1,561	1,561	29.2	29.2
643	Boilermakers	48	28,436	13,718	13,718	48.2	48.2
644	Precision grinders, filers, and tool sharpeners	29	15,517	8,361	8,361	53.9	53.9
645	Patternmakers and model makers, metal	7	3,925	2,963	2,963	75.5	75.5
646	Lay-out workers	14	8,332	5,579	5,579	67.0	67.0
647	Precious stones and metals workers (jewelers)	50	20,350	590	590	2.9	2.9
649	Engravers, metal	28	13,892	2,243	2,243	16.1	16.1
653	Sheet metal workers	204	113,676	50,331	57,059	44.3	50.2
654	Sheet metal worker apprentices	5	1,753	397	397	22.6	22.6
655	Miscellaneous precision metal workers	4	3,010	515	515	17.1	17.1
656	Patternmakers and model makers, wood	4	2,276	450	450	19.7	19.7
657	Cabinet makers and bench carpenters	54	31,259	7,433	7,699	23.8	24.6
658	Furniture and wood finishers	48	23,147	1,975	2,278	8.5	9.8
659	Miscellaneous precision woodworkers	0
666	Dressmakers	102	52,270	2,901	4,117	5.6	7.9
667	Tailors	69	42,172	6,517	6,517	15.5	15.5
668	Upholsterers	86	46,970	5,592	6,318	11.9	13.5
669	Shoe repairers	10	5,528	495	495	9.0	9.0
673	Apparel and fabric patternmakers	4	2,610	0	0	0.0	0.0
674	Miscellaneous precision apparel and fabric workers	6	2,429	543	543	22.3	22.3
675	Hand molders and shapers, except jewelers	30	20,234	3,848	3,848	19.0	19.0
676	Patternmakers, lay-out workers, and cutters	33	17,852	6,131	6,131	34.3	34.3
677	Optical goods workers	100	57,520	2,902	2,902	5.0	5.0
678	Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians	68	41,698	1,929	1,929	4.6	4.6
679	Bookbinders	58	34,810	8,788	9,373	25.2	26.9
683	Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers	477	288,512	66,471	70,851	23.0	24.6
684	Miscellaneous precision workers, n.e.c.	40	22,701	3,105	3,514	13.7	15.5
686	Butchers and meat cutters	448	250,808	71,303	75,497	28.4	30.1
687	Bakers	177	100,868	27,521	29,781	27.3	29.5
688	Food batchmakers	66	37,603	7,755	10,374	20.6	27.6
689	Inspectors, testers, and graders	173	107,437	30,231	33,309	28.1	31.0
693	Adjusters and calibrators	13	8,264	1,414	1,982	17.1	24.0
694	Water and sewage treatment plant operators	108	59,341	24,713	27,010	41.6	45.5
695	Power plant operators	89	48,852	25,090	28,268	51.4	57.9
696	Stationary engineers	210	111,559	45,832	46,382	41.1	41.6
699	Miscellaneous plant and system operators	86	46,874	22,126	23,744	47.2	50.7
	CONSTRUCTION TRADES	6,740	3,881,923	1,107,797	1,167,896	28.5	30.1
553	Supervisors; brickmasons, stonemasons, and tile setters	12	9,343	1,510	1,510	16.2	16.2
554	Supervisors; carpenters and related workers	31	15,426	4,562	4,562	29.6	29.6
555	Supervisors; electricians and power transmission installers	61	35,162	7,649	9,642	21.8	27.4
556	Supervisors; painters, paperhangers, and plasterers	13	7,210	1,396	1,396	19.4	19.4
557	Supervisors; plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	16	7,648	2,527	2,527	33.0	33.0
558	Supervisors; n.e.c.	741	416,062	84,816	95,936	20.4	23.1
563	Brickmasons and stonemasons	236	146,862	43,026	45,203	29.3	30.8
564	Brickmason and stonemason apprentices	2	1,137	0	0	0.0	0.0
565	Tile setters, hard and soft	62	41,086	3,308	4,759	8.1	11.6
566	Carpet installers	109	62,136	7,926	8,559	12.8	13.8
567	Carpenters	1,597	915,367	188,039	196,383	20.5	21.5
569	Carpenter apprentices	11	5,594	1,170	1,170	20.9	20.9
573	Drywall installers	190	119,457	24,772	27,384	20.7	22.9
575	Electricians	1,055	583,548	267,774	281,140	45.9	48.2
576	Electrician apprentices	60	32,261	10,946	11,563	33.9	35.8
577	Electrical power installers and repairers	221	115,570	78,226	79,599	67.7	68.9
579	Painters, construction and maintenance	567	340,310	55,553	59,979	16.3	17.6
583	Paperhangers	10	5,395	630	630	11.7	11.7
584	Plasterers	52	30,731	6,859	6,859	22.3	22.3
585	Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	641	364,306	152,583	157,648	41.9	43.3
587	Plumber, pipefitter, and steamfitter apprentices	26	11,935	5,084	5,496	42.6	46.0
588	Concrete and terrazzo finishers	103	64,598	15,880	16,154	24.6	25.0
589	Glaziers	71	41,249	9,899	9,899	24.0	24.0
593	Insulation workers	87	53,083	17,172	17,172	32.3	32.3
594	Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	31	17,075	5,418	5,894	31.7	34.5
595	Roofers	244	153,760	16,181	18,825	10.5	12.2
596	Sheetmetal duct installers	65	41,144	18,324	18,324	44.5	44.5
597	Structural metal workers	94	52,450	33,938	33,938	64.7	64.7
598	Drillers, earth	27	14,460	5,211	5,211	36.0	36.0
599	Construction trades, n.e.c.	305	177,561	37,419	40,538	21.1	22.8
	MACHINE OPERATORS, ASSEMBLERS, AND INSPECTORS	13,604	7,840,248	2,124,394	2,246,073	27.1	28.6
703	Lathe and turning machine set-up operators	29	16,274	7,948	8,520	48.8	52.4
704	Lathe and turning machine operators	95	56,006	14,266	14,266	25.5	25.5
705	Milling and planing machine operators	27	14,480	4,723	6,529	32.6	45.1
706	Punching and stamping press machine operators	191	110,334	39,152	40,976	35.5	37.1
707	Rolling machine operators	20	12,337	6,614	6,614	53.6	53.6
708	Drilling and boring machine operators	42	24,406	11,317	11,837	46.4	48.5
709	Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators	220	122,569	42,299	44,569	34.5	36.4
713	Forging machine operators	27	20,217	7,535	7,535	37.3	37.3
714	Numerical control machine operators	11	6,387	4,545	4,545	71.2	71.2
715	Misc. metal, plastic, stone, & glass working machine operators	82	47,347	23,661	23,661	50.0	50.0
717	Fabricating machine operators, n.e.c.	39	20,760	10,379	10,681	50.0	51.4
719	Molding and casting machine operators	161	94,311	23,458	23,933	24.9	25.4
723	Metal plating machine operators	59	35,266	8,745	9,679	24.8	27.4
724	Heat treating equipment operators	28	18,742	13,667	13,667	72.9	72.9
725	Miscellaneous metal and plastic processing machine operators	23	13,783	2,364	2,364	17.1	17.1
726	Wood lathe, routing, and planing machine operators	20	10,335	3,438	3,438	33.3	33.3
727	Sawing machine operators	177	103,993	13,938	13,938	13.4	13.4
728	Shaping and joining machine operators	12	6,398	486	486	7.6	7.6
729	Nail and tacking machine operators	11	7,915	0	0	0.0	0.0
733	Miscellaneous woodworking machine operators	54	26,833	4,991	4,991	18.6	18.6
734	Printing machine operators	506	297,492	62,720	65,844	21.1	22.1
735	Photoengravers and lithographers	76	45,341	14,750	15,487	32.5	34.2
736	Typesetters and compositors	106	55,419	7,006	7,006	12.6	12.6
737	Miscellaneous printing machine operators	65	39,060	2,699	2,699	6.9	6.9
738	Winding and twisting machine operators	146	75,797	6,535	7,319	8.6	9.7
739	Knitting, looping, taping, and weaving machine operators	88	46,247	1,847	2,156	4.0	4.7
743	Textile cutting machine operators	14	7,154	2,550	2,550	35.6	35.6
744	Textile sewing machine operators	1,234	707,292	124,433	132,406	17.6	18.7
745	Shoe machine operators	52	29,311	3,581	3,581	12.2	12.2
747	Pressing machine operators	242	137,507	15,571	17,849	11.3	13.0
748	Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators	347	179,391	25,964	26,374	14.5	14.7
749	Miscellaneous textile machine operators	143	74,749	8,843	10,009	11.8	13.4
753	Cementing and gluing machine operators	52	28,559	6,210	6,210	21.7	21.7
754	Packaging and filling machine operators	771	444,628	116,986	125,006	26.3	28.1
755	Extruding and forming machine operators	56	28,515	7,825	7,825	27.4	27.4
756	Mixing and blending machine operators	189	115,159	35,014	37,735	30.4	32.8
757	Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators	107	64,315	28,680	29,104	44.6	45.3
758	Compressing and compacting machine operators	30	19,901	6,273	6,606	31.5	33.2
759	Painting and paint spraying machine operators	319	188,457	51,046	55,928	27.1	29.7
763	Roasting and baking machine operators, food	7	4,937	1,005	1,005	20.3	20.3
764	Washing, cleaning, and pickling machine operators	21	12,571	2,477	2,477	19.7	19.7
765	Folding machine operators	35	21,204	3,472	3,472	16.4	16.4
766	Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, exc. food	183	104,092	55,241	57,998	53.1	55.7
768	Crushing and grinding machine operators	92	46,552	13,666	14,815	29.4	31.8
769	Slicing and cutting machine operators	348	201,779	60,197	61,819	29.8	30.6
773	Motion picture projectionists	9	3,347	796	796	23.8	23.8
774	Photographic process machine operators	152	88,336	8,784	10,612	9.9	12.0
777	Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c.	1,690	976,371	314,339	337,004	32.2	34.5
779	Machine operators, not specified	646	362,681	106,344	112,992	29.3	31.2
783	Welders and cutters	947	559,928	193,843	205,795	34.6	36.8
784	Solderers and brazers	62	36,144	9,143	9,452	25.3	26.2
785	Assemblers	1,836	1,084,543	346,894	364,644	32.0	33.6
786	Hand cutting and trimming occupations	17	12,319	1,059	1,059	8.6	8.6
787	Hand molding, casting, and forming occupations	33	21,396	1,921	2,465	9.0	11.5
789	Hand painting, coating, and decorating occupations	53	28,520	4,731	4,731	16.6	16.6
793	Hand engraving and printing occupations	37	21,225	1,162	1,162	5.5	5.5
794	Hand grinding and polishing occupations	13	6,866	511	1,055	7.4	15.4
795	Miscellaneous hand working occupations	84	49,925	6,639	6,639	13.3	13.3
796	Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners	1,159	668,551	182,282	192,792	27.3	28.8
797	Production testers	97	56,514	13,205	14,101	23.4	25.0
798	Production samplers and weighers	17	8,598	101	742	1.2	8.6
799	Graders and sorters, exc. agricultural	195	110,861	24,527	24,527	22.1	22.1
	TRANSPORTATION AND MATERIAL MOVING OCCUPATIONS	7,974	4,484,483	1,282,857	1,375,850	28.6	30.7
803	Supervisors, motor vehicle operators	120	70,266	8,157	9,826	11.6	14.0
804	Truck drivers, heavy	3,016	1,686,859	414,518	440,583	24.6	26.1
805	Truck drivers, light	1,260	715,259	134,164	143,784	18.8	20.1
806	Driver-sales workers	324	185,353	43,198	48,490	23.3	26.2
808	Bus drivers	792	442,702	153,234	174,723	34.6	39.5
809	Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs	250	144,154	18,246	19,893	12.7	13.8
813	Parking lot attendants	82	50,432	6,412	6,412	12.7	12.7
814	Motor transportation occupations, n.e.c.	8	5,243	1,979	1,979	37.7	37.7
823	Railroad conductors and yardmasters	63	30,756	22,897	24,514	74.4	79.7
824	Locomotive operating occupations	85	41,914	37,366	37,827	89.2	90.2
825	Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators	67	30,704	27,339	27,954	89.0	91.0
826	Rail vehicle operators, n.e.c.	15	9,211	9,211	9,211	100.0	100.0
828	Ship captains and mates, except fishing boats	45	27,087	5,756	6,409	21.3	23.7
829	Sailors and deckhands	27	17,717	5,790	6,888	32.7	38.9
833	Marine engineers	4	2,865	1,402	1,402	48.9	48.9
834	Bridge, lock, and lighthouse tenders	10	5,387	3,434	3,434	63.7	63.7
843	Supervisors, material moving equipment operators	27	18,602	6,613	6,613	35.6	35.6
844	Operating engineers	400	216,713	86,903	94,200	40.1	43.5
845	Longshore equipment operators	2	1,002	1,002	1,002	100.0	100.0
848	Hoist and winch operators	35	17,040	1,930	2,312	11.3	13.6
849	Crane and tower operators	161	92,763	59,745	60,057	64.4	64.7
853	Excavating and loading machine operators	147	79,951	23,022	24,415	28.8	30.5
855	Grader, dozer, and scraper operators	182	91,790	21,658	23,684	23.6	25.8
856	Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators	715	429,871	160,419	169,412	37.3	39.4
859	Miscellaneous material moving equipment operators	137	70,842	28,462	30,824	40.2	43.5
	HANDLERS, EQUIPMENT CLEANERS, HELPERS, & LABORERS	8,351	4,788,913	1,106,659	1,173,453	23.1	24.5
863	Supervisors, handlers, equipment cleaners, & laborers, n.e.c.	26	13,870	6,667	7,026	48.1	50.7
864	Helpers, mechanics and repairers	50	27,789	3,367	5,543	12.1	19.9
865	Helpers, construction trades	215	128,094	17,906	20,963	14.0	16.4
866	Helpers, surveyor	16	8,835	1,118	1,409	12.7	16.0
867	Helpers, extractive occupations	6	2,685	2,165	2,165	80.6	80.6
869	Construction laborers	1,288	755,461	178,833	188,790	23.7	25.0
873	Production helpers	130	82,948	21,615	23,337	26.1	28.1
875	Garbage collectors	80	47,222	18,222	19,322	38.6	40.9
876	Stevedores	32	17,635	11,866	13,039	67.3	73.9
877	Stock handlers and baggers	1,668	938,399	183,305	195,978	19.5	20.9
878	Machine feeders and offbearers	154	84,886	25,282	27,099	29.8	31.9
883	Freight, stock, and material handlers, n.e.c.	1,072	624,654	208,176	215,725	33.3	34.5
885	Garage and service station related occupations	404	209,263	10,073	10,073	4.8	4.8
887	Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners	381	230,142	32,172	34,074	14.0	14.8
888	Hand packers and packagers	551	305,949	76,423	82,675	25.0	27.0
889	Laborers, except construction	2,278	1,311,081	309,469	326,234	23.6	24.9
Data Sources: Current Population Survey (CPS) Outgoing Rotation Group (ORG) Earnings Files, 1990. Sample includes
employed wage and salary workers, ages 16 and over. Variable definitions are: COC=1980 Census occupation code
used in CPS, Obs=CPS sample size, Employment=wage and salary employment, Members=employed workers who are
union members, Covered=workers covered by a collective bargaining agreement, %Mem=percent of employed workers
who are union members, and %Cov=percent of employed workers who are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
© 2002 by Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson.  The use of data requires citation.