Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by Occupation, 1999 (details in table note)
COC	Occupation Name	Obs	Employment	Members	Covered	%Mem	%Cov
	EXECUTIVE, ADMINISTRATIVE, AND MANAGERIAL OCCUPATIONS	21,663	15,999,893	902,590	1,137,746	5.6	7.1
4	Chief executives and general administrators, public administration	27	18,816	1,823	1,920	9.7	10.2
5	Administrators and officials, public administration	967	637,814	108,113	138,726	17.0	21.8
6	Administrators, protective services	80	56,486	12,064	12,784	21.4	22.6
7	Financial managers	960	716,419	14,682	17,022	2.0	2.4
8	Personnel and labor relations managers	260	187,852	1,033	1,973	0.5	1.1
9	Purchasing managers	186	141,552	4,550	7,473	3.2	5.3
13	Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations	914	717,792	10,281	17,428	1.4	2.4
14	Administrators, education and related fields	1,103	766,119	156,200	189,665	20.4	24.8
15	Managers, medicine and health	966	663,274	13,161	21,733	2.0	3.3
17	Managers, food serving and lodging establishments	1,397	1,040,622	29,123	42,556	2.8	4.1
18	Managers, properties and real estate	492	382,410	10,467	10,467	2.7	2.7
19	Funeral directors	44	32,176	640	640	2.0	2.0
21	Managers, service organizations, n.e.c.	891	629,665	53,236	59,259	8.5	9.4
22	Managers and administrators, n.e.c.	7,488	5,633,047	200,863	245,750	3.6	4.4
23	Accountants and auditors	1,987	1,472,841	79,690	110,215	5.4	7.5
24	Underwriters	161	125,021	1,230	2,572	1.0	2.1
25	Other financial officers	1,023	733,132	19,678	27,937	2.7	3.8
26	Management analysts	339	267,535	8,267	11,038	3.1	4.1
27	Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists	667	509,393	42,779	54,257	8.4	10.7
28	Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products	22	14,464	1,143	2,077	7.9	14.4
29	Buyers, wholesale and retail trade except farm products	239	175,358	8,621	8,621	4.9	4.9
33	Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c.	362	276,824	17,079	18,816	6.2	6.8
34	Business and promotion agents	25	19,842	0	1,010	0.0	5.1
35	Construction inspectors	100	73,094	16,688	18,092	22.8	24.8
36	Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction	344	246,060	71,123	90,412	28.9	36.7
37	Management related occupations, n.e.c.	619	462,285	20,056	25,302	4.3	5.5
	PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS, EXC. TEACHERS	17,041	12,596,484	1,265,161	1,483,683	10.0	11.8
43	Architects	182	134,164	3,953	6,262	2.9	4.7
44	Aerospace engineers	100	84,623	6,599	8,488	7.8	10.0
45	Metallurgical and materials engineers	37	29,788	1,092	1,851	3.7	6.2
46	Mining engineers	10	5,546	0	0	0.0	0.0
47	Petroleum engineers	26	18,192	0	0	0.0	0.0
48	Chemical engineers	109	76,646	2,256	2,256	2.9	2.9
49	Nuclear engineers	11	7,185	0	0	0.0	0.0
53	Civil engineers	344	262,553	35,245	40,613	13.4	15.5
54	Agricultural engineers	6	3,393	0	0	0.0	0.0
55	Electrical and electronic engineers	810	637,484	25,224	33,961	4.0	5.3
56	Industrial engineers	350	268,195	14,160	17,399	5.3	6.5
57	Mechanical engineers	417	332,468	14,268	16,498	4.3	5.0
58	Marine and naval architects	29	21,304	4,517	4,801	21.2	22.5
59	Engineers, n.e.c.	344	259,086	18,114	19,716	7.0	7.6
63	Surveyors and mapping scientists	19	11,656	1,987	1,987	17.0	17.0
64	Computer systems analysts and scientists	1,787	1,415,706	50,088	71,187	3.5	5.0
65	Operations and systems researchers and analysts	319	250,243	20,908	23,081	8.4	9.2
66	Actuaries	30	21,113	0	0	0.0	0.0
67	Statisticians	37	24,808	4,210	4,210	17.0	17.0
68	Mathematical scientists, n.e.c.	8	8,459	0	0	0.0	0.0
69	Physicists and astronomers	45	33,543	650	650	1.9	1.9
73	Chemists, except biochemists	183	133,226	7,541	7,541	5.7	5.7
74	Atmospheric and space scientists	18	10,722	691	1,521	6.4	14.2
75	Geologists and geodesists	68	51,070	1,841	3,368	3.6	6.6
76	Physical scientists, n.e.c.	73	58,133	4,567	5,369	7.9	9.2
77	Agricultural and food scientists	63	37,742	2,946	3,859	7.8	10.2
78	Biological and life scientists	140	102,332	10,892	13,543	10.6	13.2
79	Forestry and conservation scientists	53	19,901	1,989	2,197	10.0	11.0
83	Medical scientists	125	98,002	2,903	4,928	3.0	5.0
84	Physicians	686	499,815	20,132	30,964	4.0	6.2
85	Dentists	63	46,327	2,555	2,555	5.5	5.5
86	Veterinarians	33	23,685	286	286	1.2	1.2
87	Optometrists	18	12,872	0	0	0.0	0.0
88	Podiatrists	6	3,908	1,002	1,002	25.6	25.6
89	Health diagnosing practitioners, n.e.c.	14	11,493	0	0	0.0	0.0
95	Registered nurses	2,946	2,119,390	340,403	391,646	16.1	18.5
96	Pharmacists	263	190,426	21,537	26,455	11.3	13.9
97	Dietitians	100	75,028	8,924	9,730	11.9	13.0
98	Respiratory therapists	127	89,156	5,173	7,003	5.8	7.9
99	Occupational therapists	83	64,359	9,085	10,280	14.1	16.0
103	Physical therapists	181	129,282	10,102	12,520	7.8	9.7
104	Speech therapists	140	94,933	38,516	40,529	40.6	42.7
105	Therapists, n.e.c.	142	108,692	14,134	15,745	13.0	14.5
106	Physicians' assistants	91	65,517	4,217	5,145	6.4	7.9
163	Counselors, Educational and Vocational	356	245,365	88,993	103,389	36.3	42.1
164	Librarians	339	238,409	55,247	65,166	23.2	27.3
165	Archivists and curators	46	30,860	1,525	2,135	4.9	6.9
166	Economists	167	130,398	6,747	8,571	5.2	6.6
167	Psychologists	249	179,442	34,267	39,087	19.1	21.8
168	Sociologists	3	1,733	1,405	1,733	81.1	100.0
169	Social scientists, n.e.c.	41	25,725	2,642	3,722	10.3	14.5
173	Urban planners	29	21,173	1,332	1,591	6.3	7.5
174	Social workers	1,087	800,341	185,691	203,597	23.2	25.4
175	Recreation workers	175	132,410	6,673	6,673	5.0	5.0
176	Clergy	465	348,421	1,239	1,239	0.4	0.4
177	Religious workers, n.e.c.	193	136,498	276	1,305	0.2	1.0
178	Lawyers and Judges	942	655,534	30,108	39,566	4.6	6.0
183	Authors	95	58,336	2,490	3,291	4.3	5.6
184	Technical writers	88	66,859	1,022	1,022	1.5	1.5
185	Designers	715	541,644	21,801	24,995	4.0	4.6
186	Musicians and composers	121	89,540	12,086	13,461	13.5	15.0
187	Actors and directors	114	84,566	18,981	21,085	22.4	24.9
188	Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers	151	109,206	13,113	15,417	12.0	14.1
189	Photographers	106	82,923	9,542	9,542	11.5	11.5
193	Dancers	25	17,642	0	0	0.0	0.0
194	Artists, performers, and related workers, n.e.c.	102	84,024	13,093	15,746	15.6	18.7
195	Editors and reporters	368	250,613	24,434	26,008	9.7	10.4
197	Public relations specialists	252	184,828	10,047	11,010	5.4	6.0
198	Announcers	61	38,128	3,192	3,192	8.4	8.4
199	Athletes	115	89,699	6,513	11,996	7.3	13.4
	TEACHERS, POSTSECONDARY	1,400	974,242	164,022	203,978	16.8	20.9
113	Earth, environmental, and marine science teachers	9	4,453	276	387	6.2	8.7
114	Biological science teachers	56	38,064	6,407	6,533	16.8	17.2
115	Chemistry teachers	28	18,800	3,325	3,325	17.7	17.7
116	Physics teachers	25	19,248	1,568	2,471	8.1	12.8
117	Natural science teachers, n.e.c.	4	2,730	0	0	0.0	0.0
118	Psychology teachers	42	28,846	7,397	8,781	25.6	30.4
119	Economics teachers	29	21,385	3,367	5,092	15.7	23.8
123	History teachers	28	15,743	1,976	1,976	12.6	12.6
124	Political science teachers	15	8,839	1,826	1,826	20.7	20.7
125	Sociology teachers	15	10,106	772	1,669	7.6	16.5
126	Social science teachers, n.e.c.	10	5,992	695	1,017	11.6	17.0
127	Engineering teachers	56	38,961	6,624	8,330	17.0	21.4
128	Mathematical science teachers	55	44,550	12,257	14,171	27.5	31.8
129	Computer science teachers	26	17,889	3,716	6,105	20.8	34.1
133	Medical science teachers	25	19,539	4,030	4,820	20.6	24.7
134	Health specialties teachers	62	43,113	6,671	7,657	15.5	17.8
135	Business, commerce, and marketing teachers	34	24,781	3,712	6,863	15.0	27.7
136	Agriculture and forestry teachers	8	3,469	1,749	1,749	50.4	50.4
137	Art, drama, and music teachers	67	44,533	10,628	11,058	23.9	24.8
138	Physical education teachers	11	5,700	2,760	2,760	48.4	48.4
139	Education teachers	17	9,331	106	1,688	1.1	18.1
143	English teachers	104	69,532	16,191	23,127	23.3	33.3
144	Foreign language teachers	39	26,632	7,165	7,992	26.9	30.0
145	Law teachers	13	11,150	0	1,067	0.0	9.6
146	Social work teachers	5	4,211	1,636	1,636	38.9	38.9
147	Theology teachers	34	26,386	3,725	4,220	14.1	16.0
148	Trade and industrial teachers	2	1,820	0	0	0.0	0.0
149	Home economics teachers	1	270	270	270	100.0	100.0
153	Teachers, postsecondary, n.e.c.	7	6,017	855	855	14.2	14.2
154	Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified	573	402,153	54,318	66,532	13.5	16.5
	TEACHERS, EXCEPT POSTSECONDARY	7,069	5,122,162	2,261,737	2,526,885	44.2	49.3
155	Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten	752	577,936	111,635	128,218	19.3	22.2
156	Teachers, elementary school	2,910	2,104,270	1,135,879	1,256,212	54.0	59.7
157	Teachers, secondary school	1,885	1,338,891	730,470	826,626	54.6	61.7
158	Teachers, special education	528	375,942	222,750	240,881	59.3	64.1
159	Teachers, n.e.c.	994	725,122	61,003	74,948	8.4	10.3
	TECHNICIANS AND RELATED SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS	5,591	4,187,665	460,559	522,861	11.0	12.5
203	Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	471	348,964	28,556	30,222	8.2	8.7
204	Dental hygienists	149	99,648	4,913	5,691	4.9	5.7
205	Health record technologists and technicians	18	13,193	2,652	2,868	20.1	21.7
206	Radiologic technicians	235	169,566	14,376	16,552	8.5	9.8
207	Licensed practical nurses	485	348,710	37,716	46,485	10.8	13.3
208	Health technologists and technicians, n.e.c.	900	713,068	76,376	84,897	10.7	11.9
213	Electrical and electronic technicians	559	434,543	60,976	73,334	14.0	16.9
214	Industrial engineering technicians	2	1,208	0	0	0.0	0.0
215	Mechanical engineering technicians	26	17,685	2,042	2,042	11.5	11.5
216	Engineering technicians, n.e.c.	274	204,904	28,152	30,442	13.7	14.9
217	Drafting occupations	297	221,277	19,242	22,228	8.7	10.0
218	Surveying and mapping technicians	77	52,647	5,052	5,052	9.6	9.6
223	Biological technicians	141	104,741	7,545	7,756	7.2	7.4
224	Chemical technicians	103	74,464	14,574	17,590	19.6	23.6
225	Science technicians, n.e.c.	140	104,754	9,649	13,321	9.2	12.7
226	Airplane pilots and navigators	195	136,405	81,987	84,543	60.1	62.0
227	Air traffic controllers	38	24,517	14,238	15,645	58.1	63.8
228	Broadcast equipment operators	44	30,434	5,454	5,454	17.9	17.9
229	Computer programmers	792	604,720	24,540	33,856	4.1	5.6
233	Tool programmers, numerical control	11	9,486	2,706	2,706	28.5	28.5
234	Legal assistants	488	361,935	10,988	12,547	3.0	3.5
235	Technicians, n.e.c.	146	110,796	8,825	9,631	8.0	8.7
	SALES OCCUPATIONS	17,861	13,451,372	548,594	612,543	4.1	4.6
243	Supervisors and Proprietors, Sales Occupations	4,692	3,490,242	144,079	160,771	4.1	4.6
253	Insurance sales occupations	596	438,820	9,838	9,838	2.2	2.2
254	Real estate sales occupations	582	444,852	16,747	23,153	3.8	5.2
255	Securities and financial services sales occupations	534	421,384	8,023	10,225	1.9	2.4
256	Advertising and related sales occupations	228	177,027	8,258	10,451	4.7	5.9
257	Sales occupations, other business services	798	608,670	25,505	28,899	4.2	4.7
258	Sales engineers	45	35,066	0	0	0.0	0.0
259	Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale	1,772	1,340,168	23,675	29,896	1.8	2.2
263	Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats	383	286,895	3,118	3,118	1.1	1.1
264	Sales workers, apparel	504	393,730	3,641	4,388	0.9	1.1
265	Sales workers, shoes	158	129,863	1,291	1,291	1.0	1.0
266	Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings	226	166,475	835	835	0.5	0.5
267	Sales workers, radio, TV, hi-fi, and appliances	346	290,232	5,254	5,254	1.8	1.8
268	Sales workers, hardware and building supplies	372	267,882	3,728	3,728	1.4	1.4
269	Sales workers, parts	225	159,366	1,483	1,730	0.9	1.1
274	Sales workers, other commodities	1,748	1,301,353	34,991	38,696	2.7	3.0
275	Sales counter clerks	241	185,625	3,380	7,264	1.8	3.9
276	Cashiers	3,945	2,972,443	249,163	266,720	8.4	9.0
277	Street and door-to-door sales workers	235	177,585	648	648	0.4	0.4
278	News vendors	114	79,618	2,448	3,149	3.1	4.0
283	Demonstrators, promoters and models, sales	92	64,095	1,325	1,325	2.1	2.1
284	Auctioneers	2	2,017	0	0	0.0	0.0
285	Sales support occupations, n.e.c.	23	17,963	1,165	1,165	6.5	6.5
	ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, INCLUDING CLERICAL	24,191	17,874,497	2,182,222	2,473,711	12.2	13.8
303	Supervisors, general office	502	366,366	38,746	44,201	10.6	12.1
304	Supervisors, computer equipment operators	25	15,800	2,452	2,789	15.5	17.7
305	Supervisors, financial records processing	100	77,788	2,358	2,358	3.0	3.0
306	Chief communications operators	4	2,333	298	298	12.8	12.8
307	Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks	254	209,260	34,054	37,266	16.3	17.8
308	Computer operators	438	331,585	28,341	32,487	8.5	9.8
309	Peripheral equipment operators	6	5,258	0	0	0.0	0.0
313	Secretaries	3,774	2,674,932	225,458	269,457	8.4	10.1
314	Stenographers	134	92,496	9,299	10,096	10.1	10.9
315	Typists	714	517,887	68,000	78,770	13.1	15.2
316	Interviewers	245	178,635	11,558	13,012	6.5	7.3
317	Hotel clerks	182	124,435	4,100	6,021	3.3	4.8
318	Transportation ticket and reservation agents	378	271,334	32,612	34,906	12.0	12.9
319	Receptionists	1,476	1,103,391	38,490	47,786	3.5	4.3
323	Information clerks, n.e.c.	576	452,854	19,986	23,720	4.4	5.2
325	Classified-ad clerks	6	4,975	0	0	0.0	0.0
326	Correspondence clerks	10	7,308	690	690	9.4	9.4
327	Order clerks	362	280,262	71,011	75,725	25.3	27.0
328	Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping	93	65,314	4,748	6,326	7.3	9.7
329	Library clerks	204	144,868	18,560	23,704	12.8	16.4
335	File clerks	431	350,035	19,057	21,046	5.4	6.0
336	Records clerks	283	202,608	31,255	36,794	15.4	18.2
337	Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks	2,004	1,435,858	58,228	72,927	4.1	5.1
338	Payroll and timekeeping clerks	208	141,961	15,593	16,177	11.0	11.4
339	Billing clerks	242	175,932	12,643	13,546	7.2	7.7
343	Cost and rate clerks	72	56,995	4,953	6,666	8.7	11.7
344	Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators	126	96,063	7,098	7,098	7.4	7.4
345	Duplicating machine operators	50	37,404	4,025	5,274	10.8	14.1
346	Mail preparing and paper handling machine operators	6	4,245	0	658	0.0	15.5
347	Office machine operators, n.e.c.	32	22,824	1,100	1,601	4.8	7.0
348	Telephone operators	193	141,223	31,253	33,636	22.1	23.8
353	Communications equipment operators, n.e.c.	18	12,405	2,879	2,879	23.2	23.2
354	Postal clerks, except mail carriers	433	320,543	222,759	256,372	69.5	80.0
355	Mail carriers, postal service	466	327,305	252,942	271,806	77.3	83.0
356	Mail clerks, except postal service	236	178,049	26,697	27,957	15.0	15.7
357	Messengers	194	144,977	11,426	11,426	7.9	7.9
359	Dispatchers	352	257,046	44,083	44,459	17.1	17.3
363	Production coordinators	268	198,087	21,137	22,141	10.7	11.2
364	Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks	797	627,201	95,300	101,137	15.2	16.1
365	Stock and inventory clerks	584	457,870	95,064	103,441	20.8	22.6
366	Meter readers	56	40,133	11,875	14,039	29.6	35.0
368	Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers	66	47,008	7,896	8,026	16.8	17.1
373	Expediters	348	259,392	21,982	21,982	8.5	8.5
374	Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks, n.e.c.	14	10,423	4,053	4,053	38.9	38.9
375	Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators	581	442,734	13,027	13,845	2.9	3.1
376	Investigators and adjusters, except insurance	1,414	1,066,640	51,023	57,501	4.8	5.4
377	Eligibility clerks, social welfare	140	106,866	26,488	30,770	24.8	28.8
378	Bill and account collectors	232	180,189	7,950	7,950	4.4	4.4
379	General office clerks	976	742,252	70,283	85,059	9.5	11.5
383	Bank tellers	590	430,646	5,067	5,191	1.2	1.2
384	Proofreaders	25	16,766	0	0	0.0	0.0
385	Data-entry keyers	976	738,816	68,987	86,678	9.3	11.7
386	Statistical clerks	143	97,004	11,209	12,061	11.6	12.4
387	Teachers' aides	958	692,049	228,023	258,422	32.9	37.3
389	Administrative support occupations, n.e.c.	1,194	887,866	86,107	101,482	9.7	11.4
	PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD OCCUPATIONS	1,105	844,327	5,967	7,069	0.7	0.8
403	Launderers and ironers	2	773	0	0	0.0	0.0
404	Cooks, private household	9	6,199	669	669	10.8	10.8
405	Housekeepers and butlers	15	10,373	0	0	0.0	0.0
406	Child care workers, private household	373	299,593	900	2,003	0.3	0.7
407	Private household cleaners and servants	706	527,388	4,398	4,398	0.8	0.8
	PROTECTIVE SERVICE OCCUPATIONS	3,114	2,426,682	927,249	990,645	38.2	40.8
413	Supervisors, firefighting and fire prevention occupations	48	37,645	23,590	24,332	62.7	64.6
414	Supervisors, police and detectives	124	99,848	48,510	52,490	48.6	52.6
415	Supervisors, guards	56	43,829	1,632	1,632	3.7	3.7
416	Fire inspection and fire prevention occupations	24	19,058	5,155	6,760	27.0	35.5
417	Firefighting occupations	293	217,273	150,396	155,407	69.2	71.5
418	Police and detectives, public service	803	618,593	377,665	400,922	61.1	64.8
423	Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers	238	184,033	72,379	81,389	39.3	44.2
424	Correctional institution officers	359	305,282	145,482	153,682	47.7	50.3
425	Crossing guards	53	38,947	5,905	6,845	15.2	17.6
426	Guards and police, except public service	967	749,086	89,193	99,192	11.9	13.2
427	Protective service occupations, n.e.c.	149	113,087	7,341	7,995	6.5	7.1
	SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, EXCEPT PROTECTIVE AND HOUSEHOLD	18,529	13,558,226	1,217,710	1,338,734	9.0	9.9
433	Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations	616	461,997	16,726	19,196	3.6	4.2
434	Bartenders	456	304,145	10,385	12,338	3.4	4.1
435	Waiters and waitresses	1,944	1,426,153	35,822	42,167	2.5	3.0
436	Cooks	2,798	2,063,719	93,057	112,135	4.5	5.4
438	Food counter, fountain and related occupations	497	369,748	7,238	7,403	2.0	2.0
439	Kitchen workers, food preparation	404	282,699	50,228	50,357	17.8	17.8
443	Waiters'/waitresses' assistants	697	538,759	24,944	28,725	4.6	5.3
444	Miscellaneous food preparation occupations	893	623,512	55,779	60,239	8.9	9.7
445	Dental assistants	274	217,247	5,887	6,014	2.7	2.8
446	Health aides, except nursing	474	347,385	48,852	51,368	14.1	14.8
447	Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants	2,627	1,943,619	212,886	238,608	11.0	12.3
448	Supervisors, cleaning and building service workers	243	164,205	20,751	25,450	12.6	15.5
449	Maids and housemen	919	635,254	76,496	80,089	12.0	12.6
453	Janitors and cleaners	2,811	2,059,955	366,069	392,046	17.8	19.0
454	Elevator operators	14	7,474	4,742	4,742	63.4	63.4
455	Pest control occupations	72	62,229	5,499	6,359	8.8	10.2
456	Supervisors, personal service occupations	93	69,658	5,433	5,433	7.8	7.8
457	Barbers	37	30,120	0	0	0.0	0.0
458	Hairdressers and cosmetologists	631	484,305	5,449	7,347	1.1	1.5
459	Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities	368	243,351	16,024	19,099	6.6	7.8
461	Guides	56	35,532	3,481	3,734	9.8	10.5
462	Ushers	46	34,843	2,448	2,448	7.0	7.0
463	Public transportation attendants	137	107,919	71,730	73,241	66.5	67.9
464	Baggage porters and bellhops	65	51,012	14,462	15,256	28.4	29.9
465	Welfare service aides	135	89,778	7,462	7,587	8.3	8.5
466	Family child care providers	18	13,660	0	0	0.0	0.0
467	Early childhood teacher's assistants	681	513,467	21,583	27,283	4.2	5.3
468	Child care workers, n.e.c.	312	222,039	16,312	21,155	7.3	9.5
469	Personal service occupations, n.e.c.	211	154,444	17,965	18,915	11.6	12.2
	FARMING, FORESTRY, AND FISHING OCCUPATIONS	2,624	1,940,449	113,405	125,007	5.8	6.4
473	Farmers, except horticulture	14	7,841	0	0	0.0	0.0
474	Horticultural specialty farmers	0
475	Managers, farms, except horticultural	94	65,167	1,923	2,083	3.0	3.2
476	Managers, horticultural specialty farms	11	7,618	0	1,132	0.0	14.9
477	Supervisors, farm workers	52	46,043	0	0	0.0	0.0
479	Farm workers	943	663,372	12,845	15,310	1.9	2.3
483	Marine life cultivation workers	4	2,913	2,407	2,407	82.6	82.6
484	Nursery workers	42	34,999	1,720	1,720	4.9	4.9
485	Supervisors, related agricultural occupations	112	92,243	9,650	11,653	10.5	12.6
486	Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm	1,034	800,152	70,417	73,588	8.8	9.2
487	Animal caretakers, except farm	118	82,630	2,082	2,082	2.5	2.5
488	Graders and sorters, agricultural products	66	58,661	3,549	4,584	6.1	7.8
489	Inspectors, agricultural products	3	3,527	0	0	0.0	0.0
494	Supervisors, forestry and logging workers	19	8,396	1,089	1,970	13.0	23.5
495	Forestry workers, except logging	29	16,337	2,788	2,788	17.1	17.1
496	Timber cutting and logging occupations	58	36,854	4,152	4,152	11.3	11.3
497	Captains and other officers, fishing vessels	4	1,091	0	0	0.0	0.0
498	Fishers	19	10,940	780	780	7.1	7.1
499	Hunters and trappers	2	1,664	0	757	0.0	45.5
	PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAFT, & REPAIR, EXC. CONSTRUCTION	10,765	8,127,077	1,667,245	1,751,540	20.5	21.6
503	Supervisors, mechanics and repairers	358	267,200	39,415	39,415	14.8	14.8
505	Automobile mechanics	880	664,295	58,649	63,392	8.8	9.5
506	Automobile mechanic apprentices	4	3,344	0	0	0.0	0.0
507	Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics	426	307,576	77,825	80,162	25.3	26.1
508	Aircraft engine mechanics	189	148,155	64,254	66,993	43.4	45.2
509	Small engine repairers	78	57,612	2,179	2,179	3.8	3.8
514	Automobile body and related repairers	192	129,049	6,523	6,523	5.1	5.1
515	Aircraft mechanics, except engine	26	23,973	14,813	14,813	61.8	61.8
516	Heavy equipment mechanics	248	146,331	46,045	50,600	31.5	34.6
517	Farm equipment mechanics	47	27,231	496	496	1.8	1.8
518	Industrial machinery repairers	701	552,775	153,154	157,758	27.7	28.5
519	Machinery maintenance occupations	22	12,336	5,389	5,389	43.7	43.7
523	Electronic repairers, communications & industrial equipment	255	209,181	43,830	48,742	21.0	23.3
525	Data processing equipment repairers	392	310,092	30,375	33,013	9.8	10.6
526	Household appliance and power tool repairers	55	39,647	3,319	3,319	8.4	8.4
527	Telephone line installers and repairers	79	56,067	33,652	33,652	60.0	60.0
529	Telephone installers and repairers	327	244,246	132,184	136,415	54.1	55.9
533	Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment repairers	97	77,187	31,908	33,558	41.3	43.5
534	Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics	394	317,985	79,708	82,543	25.1	26.0
535	Camera, watch, and musical instrument repairers	22	14,328	415	1,489	2.9	10.4
536	Locksmiths and safe repairers	25	16,981	941	941	5.5	5.5
538	Office machine repairers	70	48,655	5,121	5,741	10.5	11.8
539	Mechanical controls and valve repairers	23	15,268	6,387	6,387	41.8	41.8
543	Elevator installers and repairers	30	21,724	13,457	13,457	61.9	61.9
544	Millwrights	98	74,703	38,896	39,823	52.1	53.3
547	Specified mechanics and repairers, n.e.c.	482	365,619	58,571	63,043	16.0	17.2
549	Not specified mechanics and repairers	375	274,159	56,789	59,178	20.7	21.6
613	Supervisors, extractive occupations	69	34,515	1,864	2,557	5.4	7.4
614	Drillers, oil well	46	25,051	1,293	1,293	5.2	5.2
615	Explosives workers	13	9,523	3,466	3,466	36.4	36.4
616	Mining machine operators	89	36,811	13,545	14,221	36.8	38.6
617	Mining occupations, n.e.c.	34	22,340	2,271	2,271	10.2	10.2
628	Supervisors, production occupations	1,452	1,136,359	101,817	109,884	9.0	9.7
634	Tool and die makers	177	137,291	44,332	45,190	32.3	32.9
635	Tool and die maker apprentices	4	3,077	0	0	0.0	0.0
636	Precision assemblers, metal	31	25,748	8,493	8,493	33.0	33.0
637	Machinists	609	496,883	104,069	110,609	20.9	22.3
639	Machinist apprentices	6	5,704	0	0	0.0	0.0
643	Boilermakers	32	22,299	15,049	15,049	67.5	67.5
644	Precision grinders, filers, and tool sharpeners	17	14,638	6,368	6,368	43.5	43.5
645	Patternmakers and model makers, metal	12	9,647	4,068	4,796	42.2	49.7
646	Lay-out workers	9	7,698	2,490	2,490	32.3	32.3
647	Precious stones and metals workers (Jewelers)	46	25,586	1,996	1,996	7.8	7.8
649	Engravers, metal	14	10,528	0	0	0.0	0.0
653	Sheet metal workers	165	129,137	51,979	52,626	40.3	40.8
654	Sheet metal worker apprentices	2	1,601	1,601	1,601	100.0	100.0
655	Miscellaneous precision metal workers	0
656	Patternmakers and model makers, wood	1	594	594	594	100.0	100.0
657	Cabinet makers and bench carpenters	80	61,426	2,658	2,658	4.3	4.3
658	Furniture and wood finishers	21	16,968	710	710	4.2	4.2
659	Miscellaneous precision woodworkers	2	2,163	1,477	1,477	68.3	68.3
666	Dressmakers	39	28,816	1,475	1,787	5.1	6.2
667	Tailors	42	38,861	0	0	0.0	0.0
668	Upholsterers	62	53,227	543	543	1.0	1.0
669	Shoe repairers	9	7,006	651	651	9.3	9.3
674	Miscellaneous precision apparel and fabric workers	17	12,872	1,922	1,922	14.9	14.9
675	Hand molders and shapers, except jewelers	29	22,570	1,997	2,784	8.9	12.3
676	Patternmakers, lay-out workers, and cutters	16	11,523	2,489	2,489	21.6	21.6
677	Optical goods workers	98	78,700	2,925	3,742	3.7	4.8
678	Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians	50	37,535	0	778	0.0	2.1
679	Bookbinders	50	35,889	5,375	5,375	15.0	15.0
683	Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers	380	303,965	48,843	51,690	16.1	17.0
684	Miscellaneous precision workers, n.e.c.	23	16,189	2,580	2,580	15.9	15.9
686	Butchers and meat cutters	351	257,675	67,658	70,717	26.3	27.4
687	Bakers	178	133,053	18,804	21,578	14.1	16.2
688	Food batchmakers	53	41,960	7,781	8,381	18.5	20.0
689	Inspectors, testers, and graders	167	128,677	26,748	31,867	20.8	24.8
693	Adjusters and calibrators	12	7,985	858	858	10.7	10.7
694	Water and sewage treatment plant operators	80	57,907	19,436	20,242	33.6	35.0
695	Power plant operators	56	36,303	18,796	19,655	51.8	54.1
696	Stationary engineers	160	113,585	50,255	51,535	44.2	45.4
699	Miscellaneous plant and system operators	67	41,470	13,673	14,997	33.0	36.2
	CONSTRUCTION TRADES	5,707	4,346,499	1,132,950	1,177,840	26.1	27.1
553	Supervisors, brickmasons, stonemasons, and tile setters	3	2,670	899	899	33.7	33.7
554	Supervisors, carpenters and related workers	38	27,272	4,564	4,564	16.7	16.7
555	Supervisors, electricians and power transmission installers	53	39,209	13,452	13,452	34.3	34.3
556	Supervisors, painters, paperhangers, and plasterers	13	12,455	1,636	1,636	13.1	13.1
557	Supervisors, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	15	11,697	3,877	4,708	33.1	40.3
558	Supervisors, construction, n.e.c.	563	420,907	73,895	75,753	17.6	18.0
563	Brickmasons and stonemasons	169	134,595	33,879	33,879	25.2	25.2
564	Brickmason and stonemason apprentices	1	593	0	0	0.0	0.0
565	Tile setters, hard and soft	75	59,061	6,950	7,694	11.8	13.0
566	Carpet installers	84	68,942	5,926	6,644	8.6	9.6
567	Carpenters	1,348	1,002,324	202,630	215,562	20.2	21.5
569	Carpenter apprentices	12	11,206	5,285	5,285	47.2	47.2
573	Drywall installers	167	133,289	25,257	27,125	18.9	20.4
575	Electricians	943	710,944	297,916	303,333	41.9	42.7
576	Electrician apprentices	74	47,501	19,337	19,337	40.7	40.7
577	Electrical power installers and repairers	178	135,394	64,464	67,033	47.6	49.5
579	Painters, construction and maintenance	448	375,828	41,502	45,352	11.0	12.1
583	Paperhangers	14	9,179	1,316	1,316	14.3	14.3
584	Plasterers	48	46,416	5,374	5,374	11.6	11.6
585	Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	562	415,705	151,315	154,509	36.4	37.2
587	Plumber, pipefitter, and steamfitter apprentices	25	17,665	4,751	5,792	26.9	32.8
588	Concrete and terrazzo finishers	113	87,635	20,947	20,947	23.9	23.9
589	Glaziers	52	43,048	9,264	9,388	21.5	21.8
593	Insulation workers	63	54,055	12,504	13,249	23.1	24.5
594	Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	18	12,334	2,338	2,338	19.0	19.0
595	Roofers	210	167,532	25,372	28,914	15.1	17.3
596	Sheetmetal duct installers	59	48,279	16,079	16,079	33.3	33.3
597	Structural metal workers	82	55,811	30,858	31,956	55.3	57.3
598	Drillers, earth	33	20,805	1,540	1,540	7.4	7.4
599	Construction trades, n.e.c.	244	174,146	49,824	54,181	28.6	31.1
	MACHINE OPERATORS, ASSEMBLERS, AND INSPECTORS	9,282	7,255,191	1,490,439	1,572,383	20.5	21.7
703	Lathe and turning machine set-up operators	22	16,996	3,628	3,628	21.3	21.3
704	Lathe and turning machine operators	49	40,287	8,852	8,852	22.0	22.0
705	Milling and planing machine operators	7	5,453	1,020	1,020	18.7	18.7
706	Punching and stamping press machine operators	128	102,502	27,137	30,227	26.5	29.5
707	Rolling machine operators	18	12,927	5,913	5,913	45.7	45.7
708	Drilling and boring machine operators	12	9,647	4,821	6,020	50.0	62.4
709	Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators	148	117,834	28,148	28,540	23.9	24.2
713	Forging machine operators	15	11,553	4,371	4,371	37.8	37.8
714	Numerical control machine operators	32	24,356	5,963	5,963	24.5	24.5
715	Misc. metal, plastic, stone, & glass working machine operators	48	38,854	8,159	8,622	21.0	22.2
717	Fabricating machine operators, n.e.c.	29	26,994	3,144	3,805	11.6	14.1
719	Molding and casting machine operators	123	98,473	16,448	17,056	16.7	17.3
723	Metal plating machine operators	40	28,735	8,853	9,955	30.8	34.6
724	Heat treating equipment operators	11	7,080	3,494	3,494	49.3	49.3
725	Miscellaneous metal and plastic processing machine operators	13	10,085	0	1,236	0.0	12.3
726	Wood lathe, routing, and planing machine operators	21	14,880	2,409	2,409	16.2	16.2
727	Sawing machine operators	124	82,688	5,298	5,298	6.4	6.4
728	Shaping and joining machine operators	9	4,678	0	0	0.0	0.0
729	Nailing and tacking machine operators	6	4,941	0	0	0.0	0.0
733	Miscellaneous woodworking machine operators	51	34,473	4,093	4,232	11.9	12.3
734	Printing press operators	349	271,310	28,326	31,796	10.4	11.7
735	Photoengravers and lithographers	33	26,176	5,670	5,670	21.7	21.7
736	Typesetters and compositors	33	23,392	4,019	4,019	17.2	17.2
737	Miscellaneous printing machine operators	41	30,157	3,812	6,892	12.6	22.9
738	Winding and twisting machine operators	50	42,604	3,905	3,905	9.2	9.2
739	Knitting, looping, taping, and weaving machine operators	35	30,030	1,293	1,293	4.3	4.3
743	Textile cutting machine operators	9	7,070	0	0	0.0	0.0
744	Textile sewing machine operators	569	453,403	53,084	59,201	11.7	13.1
745	Shoe machine operators	17	9,716	1,879	2,476	19.3	25.5
747	Pressing machine operators	107	84,933	6,578	6,578	7.7	7.7
748	Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators	248	174,324	13,189	15,868	7.6	9.1
749	Miscellaneous textile machine operators	46	39,034	2,323	2,323	6.0	6.0
753	Cementing and gluing machine operators	26	17,669	840	840	4.8	4.8
754	Packaging and filling machine operators	483	374,553	87,949	92,469	23.5	24.7
755	Extruding and forming machine operators	45	35,937	9,458	9,458	26.3	26.3
756	Mixing and blending machine operators	153	135,556	33,697	34,485	24.9	25.4
757	Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators	73	60,650	19,552	20,947	32.2	34.5
758	Compressing and compacting machine operators	25	23,793	3,997	6,785	16.8	28.5
759	Painting and paint spraying machine operators	239	191,652	30,608	32,647	16.0	17.0
763	Roasting and baking machine operators, food	8	7,033	5,059	5,059	71.9	71.9
764	Washing, cleaning, and pickling machine operators	13	10,444	3,292	3,292	31.5	31.5
765	Folding machine operators	16	11,978	2,597	2,597	21.7	21.7
766	Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food	97	70,110	29,023	31,242	41.4	44.6
768	Crushing and grinding machine operators	51	33,984	7,369	7,369	21.7	21.7
769	Slicing and cutting machine operators	225	163,343	38,919	39,036	23.8	23.9
773	Motion picture projectionists	10	6,951	757	757	10.9	10.9
774	Photographic process machine operators	131	98,700	2,496	2,496	2.5	2.5
777	Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c.	1,389	1,126,008	298,631	311,073	26.5	27.6
779	Machine operators, not specified	521	403,391	95,545	97,492	23.7	24.2
783	Welders and cutters	712	543,071	144,301	147,575	26.6	27.2
784	Solderers and brazers	29	20,638	3,006	3,006	14.6	14.6
785	Assemblers	1,542	1,228,163	282,808	298,883	23.0	24.3
786	Hand cutting and trimming occupations	14	8,556	3,645	3,645	42.6	42.6
787	Hand molding, casting, and forming occupations	23	15,810	757	1,193	4.8	7.5
789	Hand painting, coating, and decorating occupations	30	21,969	1,875	1,875	8.5	8.5
793	Hand engraving and printing occupations	11	9,205	0	0	0.0	0.0
795	Miscellaneous hand working occupations	56	40,272	1,877	3,154	4.7	7.8
796	Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners	646	502,578	89,722	95,621	17.9	19.0
797	Production testers	69	54,757	9,201	9,348	16.8	17.1
798	Production samplers and weighers	8	4,745	1,340	1,340	28.2	28.2
799	Graders and sorters, except agricultural	194	148,092	16,289	18,038	11.0	12.2
	TRANSPORTATION AND MATERIAL MOVING OCCUPATIONS	6,792	5,040,931	1,148,177	1,215,671	22.8	24.1
803	Supervisors, motor vehicle operators	112	82,158	9,077	12,234	11.0	14.9
804	Truck drivers	3,701	2,784,597	488,281	523,780	17.5	18.8
806	Driver-sales workers	188	144,943	35,511	37,685	24.5	26.0
808	Bus drivers	693	483,994	182,247	191,154	37.7	39.5
809	Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs	294	207,878	13,024	14,329	6.3	6.9
813	Parking lot attendants	80	65,746	5,988	5,988	9.1	9.1
814	Motor transportation occupations, n.e.c.	12	9,035	1,680	1,680	18.6	18.6
823	Railroad conductors and yardmasters	66	48,556	41,190	41,190	84.8	84.8
824	Locomotive operating occupations	69	44,652	34,306	34,306	76.8	76.8
825	Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators	10	6,585	4,809	4,809	73.0	73.0
826	Rail vehicle operators, n.e.c.	8	7,934	6,808	6,808	85.8	85.8
828	Ship captains and mates, except fishing boats	36	26,605	7,972	8,580	30.0	32.3
829	Sailors and deckhands	30	19,994	5,413	5,413	27.1	27.1
833	Marine engineers	6	4,278	321	321	7.5	7.5
834	Bridge, lock, and lighthouse tenders	9	5,722	1,885	2,711	32.9	47.4
843	Supervisors, material moving equipment operators	19	14,622	2,229	2,449	15.2	16.7
844	Operating engineers	341	231,504	73,506	79,476	31.8	34.3
845	Longshore equipment operators	8	6,199	3,426	3,426	55.3	55.3
848	Hoist and winch operators	30	20,583	5,731	5,731	27.8	27.8
849	Crane and tower operators	96	72,104	34,709	37,505	48.1	52.0
853	Excavating and loading machine operators	130	83,526	23,564	23,564	28.2	28.2
855	Grader, dozer, and scraper operators	92	64,282	15,473	15,554	24.1	24.2
856	Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators	652	532,452	124,495	130,445	23.4	24.5
859	Miscellaneous material moving equipment operators	110	72,984	26,534	26,534	36.4	36.4
	HANDLERS, EQUIPMENT CLEANERS, HELPERS, AND LABORERS	6,644	5,217,799	988,664	1,041,983	18.9	20.0
864	Supervisors, handlers, equipment cleaners, and laborers, n.e.c.	10	9,527	1,388	1,388	14.6	14.6
865	Helpers, mechanics, and repairers	31	22,135	1,504	2,141	6.8	9.7
866	Helpers, construction trades	120	107,108	4,819	4,819	4.5	4.5
867	Helpers, surveyor	11	10,203	1,544	1,544	15.1	15.1
868	Helpers, extractive occupations	3	2,175	0	0	0.0	0.0
869	Construction laborers	1,182	907,228	191,323	192,897	21.1	21.3
874	Production helpers	75	63,042	13,159	13,822	20.9	21.9
875	Garbage collectors	53	44,378	16,802	16,802	37.9	37.9
876	Stevedores	27	25,292	18,975	18,975	75.0	75.0
877	Stock handlers and baggers	1,554	1,201,655	201,209	218,951	16.7	18.2
878	Machine feeders and offbearers	96	87,143	19,323	23,052	22.2	26.5
883	Freight, stock, and material handlers, n.e.c.	893	718,592	204,498	217,179	28.5	30.2
885	Garage and service station related occupations	232	166,636	7,590	8,208	4.6	4.9
887	Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners	348	264,498	18,760	20,229	7.1	7.6
888	Hand packers and packagers	397	297,650	40,208	40,630	13.5	13.7
889	Laborers, except construction	1,612	1,290,538	247,559	261,344	19.2	20.3
Data Sources: Current Population Survey (CPS) Outgoing Rotation Group (ORG) Earnings Files, 1999. Sample includes
employed wage and salary workers, ages 16 and over. Variable definitions are: COC=1990 Census occupation code
used in CPS, Obs=CPS sample size, Employment=wage and salary employment, Members=employed workers who are
union members, Covered=workers covered by a collective bargaining agreement, %Mem=percent of employed workers
who are union members, and %Cov=percent of employed workers who are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
© 2002 by Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson.  The use of data requires citation.