Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by State, 1984 (details in table note)
State
Code	State	Sector	Obs	Employment	Members	Covered	%Mem	%Cov
63	Alabama	Total	2,430	1,386,723	207,634	247,846	15.0	17.9
63	Alabama	Private	1,987	1,134,760	155,364	171,258	13.7	15.1
63	Alabama	Public	443	251,963	52,270	76,588	20.7	30.4
63	Alabama	Priv. Construction	116	66,154	10,382	10,382	15.7	15.7
63	Alabama	Priv. Manufacturing	641	367,141	94,988	102,551	25.9	27.9
94	Alaska	Total	2,595	183,264	44,295	51,158	24.2	27.9
94	Alaska	Private	1,807	127,556	22,146	24,943	17.4	19.6
94	Alaska	Public	788	55,708	22,149	26,215	39.8	47.1
94	Alaska	Priv. Construction	208	14,359	5,531	6,281	38.5	43.7
94	Alaska	Priv. Manufacturing	127	8,744	1,627	1,706	18.6	19.5
86	Arizona	Total	2,107	1,166,820	106,120	139,991	9.1	12.0
86	Arizona	Private	1,757	989,053	70,748	89,350	7.2	9.0
86	Arizona	Public	350	177,767	35,372	50,641	19.9	28.5
86	Arizona	Priv. Construction	165	94,105	14,502	16,326	15.4	17.3
86	Arizona	Priv. Manufacturing	304	169,643	13,100	14,464	7.7	8.5
71	Arkansas	Total	1,973	794,207	76,008	95,425	9.6	12.0
71	Arkansas	Private	1,649	668,012	60,565	71,182	9.1	10.7
71	Arkansas	Public	324	126,195	15,443	24,243	12.2	19.2
71	Arkansas	Priv. Construction	94	36,283	4,330	5,182	11.9	14.3
71	Arkansas	Priv. Manufacturing	471	191,842	33,730	40,058	17.6	20.9
93	California	Total	15,342	10,126,290	2,153,361	2,512,792	21.3	24.8
93	California	Private	12,911	8,516,501	1,429,745	1,596,689	16.8	18.7
93	California	Public	2,431	1,609,788	723,616	916,103	45.0	56.9
93	California	Priv. Construction	677	454,750	152,193	158,553	33.5	34.9
93	California	Priv. Manufacturing	3,320	2,155,441	430,661	471,807	20.0	21.9
84	Colorado	Total	3,066	1,389,800	180,371	203,365	13.0	14.6
84	Colorado	Private	2,499	1,136,707	112,178	123,674	9.9	10.9
84	Colorado	Public	567	253,092	68,193	79,691	26.9	31.5
84	Colorado	Priv. Construction	194	95,365	17,308	18,588	18.1	19.5
84	Colorado	Priv. Manufacturing	424	196,755	24,808	28,948	12.6	14.7
16	Connecticut	Total	2,367	1,443,684	293,766	320,301	20.3	22.2
16	Connecticut	Private	2,048	1,255,043	170,423	193,085	13.6	15.4
16	Connecticut	Public	319	188,640	123,344	127,216	65.4	67.4
16	Connecticut	Priv. Construction	91	56,093	16,098	16,098	28.7	28.7
16	Connecticut	Priv. Manufacturing	683	416,937	78,336	90,255	18.8	21.6
51	Delaware	Total	2,005	264,024	46,613	51,107	17.7	19.4
51	Delaware	Private	1,695	223,436	30,132	32,161	13.5	14.4
51	Delaware	Public	310	40,588	16,481	18,945	40.6	46.7
51	Delaware	Priv. Construction	119	15,217	2,829	3,079	18.6	20.2
51	Delaware	Priv. Manufacturing	464	63,420	15,922	16,806	25.1	26.5
53	D.C.	Total	1,760	269,874	47,083	60,068	17.4	22.3
53	D.C.	Private	1,089	169,796	24,581	29,845	14.5	17.6
53	D.C.	Public	671	100,079	22,503	30,223	22.5	30.2
53	D.C.	Priv. Construction	46	6,902	3,312	3,312	48.0	48.0
53	D.C.	Priv. Manufacturing	62	9,792	2,435	2,848	24.9	29.1
59	Florida	Total	5,665	4,111,012	383,771	523,436	9.3	12.7
59	Florida	Private	4,742	3,438,385	204,560	255,249	5.9	7.4
59	Florida	Public	923	672,627	179,210	268,188	26.6	39.9
59	Florida	Priv. Construction	392	297,338	29,700	31,079	10.0	10.5
59	Florida	Priv. Manufacturing	727	515,956	53,936	66,800	10.5	12.9
58	Georgia	Total	3,353	2,336,510	238,012	296,224	10.2	12.7
58	Georgia	Private	2,799	1,958,874	190,472	219,029	9.7	11.2
58	Georgia	Public	554	377,636	47,540	77,195	12.6	20.4
58	Georgia	Priv. Construction	195	142,256	19,590	20,460	13.8	14.4
58	Georgia	Priv. Manufacturing	815	553,770	87,252	97,075	15.8	17.5
95	Hawaii	Total	1,960	392,019	114,512	126,506	29.2	32.3
95	Hawaii	Private	1,478	295,771	63,050	68,947	21.3	23.3
95	Hawaii	Public	482	96,248	51,462	57,559	53.5	59.8
95	Hawaii	Priv. Construction	88	16,664	10,223	10,732	61.3	64.4
95	Hawaii	Priv. Manufacturing	109	22,148	7,508	8,270	33.9	37.3
82	Idaho	Total	2,101	350,141	31,640	39,978	9.0	11.4
82	Idaho	Private	1,685	282,379	21,077	25,975	7.5	9.2
82	Idaho	Public	416	67,762	10,563	14,003	15.6	20.7
82	Idaho	Priv. Construction	105	17,314	2,845	3,277	16.4	18.9
82	Idaho	Priv. Manufacturing	299	50,221	8,695	9,549	17.3	19.0
33	Illinois	Total	6,727	4,536,709	1,016,852	1,125,912	22.4	24.8
33	Illinois	Private	5,686	3,830,268	761,856	816,832	19.9	21.3
33	Illinois	Public	1,041	706,441	254,996	309,079	36.1	43.8
33	Illinois	Priv. Construction	245	166,472	83,958	85,182	50.4	51.2
33	Illinois	Priv. Manufacturing	1,664	1,117,179	329,182	354,799	29.5	31.8
32	Indiana	Total	3,387	2,148,109	539,536	585,843	25.1	27.3
32	Indiana	Private	2,888	1,839,437	443,435	469,250	24.1	25.5
32	Indiana	Public	499	308,671	96,101	116,593	31.1	37.8
32	Indiana	Priv. Construction	126	85,374	31,418	31,418	36.8	36.8
32	Indiana	Priv. Manufacturing	1,080	676,416	314,190	331,488	46.4	49.0
42	Iowa	Total	2,518	1,061,947	181,182	215,152	17.1	20.3
42	Iowa	Private	1,988	838,947	123,369	139,915	14.7	16.7
42	Iowa	Public	530	223,000	57,812	75,237	25.9	33.7
42	Iowa	Priv. Construction	75	32,384	5,516	5,516	17.0	17.0
42	Iowa	Priv. Manufacturing	526	219,624	83,605	92,529	38.1	42.1
47	Kansas	Total	2,272	949,393	110,537	150,213	11.6	15.8
47	Kansas	Private	1,837	778,663	81,236	101,195	10.4	13.0
47	Kansas	Public	435	170,730	29,301	49,018	17.2	28.7
47	Kansas	Priv. Construction	111	46,428	7,635	8,252	16.4	17.8
47	Kansas	Priv. Manufacturing	434	192,880	38,792	47,675	20.1	24.7
61	Kentucky	Total	2,212	1,340,938	225,150	255,395	16.8	19.0
61	Kentucky	Private	1,824	1,104,405	189,070	203,087	17.1	18.4
61	Kentucky	Public	388	236,533	36,080	52,308	15.3	22.1
61	Kentucky	Priv. Construction	79	46,329	11,469	12,094	24.8	26.1
61	Kentucky	Priv. Manufacturing	518	317,095	103,107	107,963	32.5	34.0
72	Louisiana	Total	2,208	1,526,765	166,436	205,065	10.9	13.4
72	Louisiana	Private	1,726	1,203,441	106,295	122,197	8.8	10.2
72	Louisiana	Public	482	323,324	60,141	82,869	18.6	25.7
72	Louisiana	Priv. Construction	199	138,874	20,698	24,324	14.9	17.5
72	Louisiana	Priv. Manufacturing	248	170,701	39,387	42,037	23.1	24.6
11	Maine	Total	2,197	443,017	84,524	103,001	19.1	23.3
11	Maine	Private	1,781	358,568	47,129	53,693	13.1	15.0
11	Maine	Public	416	84,449	37,395	49,308	44.3	58.4
11	Maine	Priv. Construction	93	20,170	2,208	2,208	10.9	10.9
11	Maine	Priv. Manufacturing	635	124,522	32,233	34,377	25.9	27.6
52	Maryland	Total	3,362	1,913,924	350,910	421,894	18.3	22.0
52	Maryland	Private	2,452	1,398,999	190,226	217,053	13.6	15.5
52	Maryland	Public	910	514,925	160,684	204,842	31.2	39.8
52	Maryland	Priv. Construction	163	94,837	18,437	18,970	19.4	20.0
52	Maryland	Priv. Manufacturing	389	221,255	62,628	64,694	28.3	29.2
14	Massachusetts	Total	5,580	2,609,009	555,859	610,177	21.3	23.4
14	Massachusetts	Private	4,761	2,216,259	333,792	365,213	15.1	16.5
14	Massachusetts	Public	819	392,750	222,067	244,964	56.5	62.4
14	Massachusetts	Priv. Construction	214	98,990	30,426	30,426	30.7	30.7
14	Massachusetts	Priv. Manufacturing	1,524	715,254	161,052	173,374	22.5	24.2
34	Michigan	Total	5,993	3,447,737	1,004,251	1,085,961	29.1	31.5
34	Michigan	Private	5,115	2,939,756	738,109	795,310	25.1	27.1
34	Michigan	Public	878	507,982	266,142	290,651	52.4	57.2
34	Michigan	Priv. Construction	194	110,178	35,808	36,434	32.5	33.1
34	Michigan	Priv. Manufacturing	1,837	1,057,556	480,702	513,385	45.5	48.5
41	Minnesota	Total	3,519	1,777,514	406,551	453,788	22.9	25.5
41	Minnesota	Private	2,887	1,471,266	257,729	278,876	17.5	19.0
41	Minnesota	Public	632	306,248	148,822	174,911	48.6	57.2
41	Minnesota	Priv. Construction	141	69,292	29,747	30,198	42.9	43.6
41	Minnesota	Priv. Manufacturing	711	348,571	81,055	87,582	23.3	25.1
64	Mississippi	Total	2,014	823,197	79,022	90,055	9.6	10.9
64	Mississippi	Private	1,615	661,318	58,544	65,032	8.9	9.8
64	Mississippi	Public	399	161,880	20,478	25,023	12.6	15.5
64	Mississippi	Priv. Construction	113	45,880	6,769	6,769	14.8	14.8
64	Mississippi	Priv. Manufacturing	515	213,240	35,044	38,849	16.4	18.2
43	Missouri	Total	3,037	1,888,294	373,518	421,478	19.8	22.3
43	Missouri	Private	2,537	1,579,567	314,428	334,242	19.9	21.2
43	Missouri	Public	500	308,727	59,090	87,236	19.1	28.3
43	Missouri	Priv. Construction	138	87,384	39,121	39,121	44.8	44.8
43	Missouri	Priv. Manufacturing	687	418,985	136,052	145,883	32.5	34.8
81	Montana	Total	2,126	281,757	50,758	56,327	18.0	20.0
81	Montana	Private	1,631	219,740	29,816	32,267	13.6	14.7
81	Montana	Public	495	62,018	20,941	24,060	33.8	38.8
81	Montana	Priv. Construction	94	14,220	2,486	2,486	17.5	17.5
81	Montana	Priv. Manufacturing	181	22,292	6,699	6,699	30.1	30.1
46	Nebraska	Total	2,201	605,741	82,355	103,021	13.6	17.0
46	Nebraska	Private	1,762	485,353	54,659	64,330	11.3	13.3
46	Nebraska	Public	439	120,388	27,695	38,692	23.0	32.1
46	Nebraska	Priv. Construction	97	27,105	5,169	5,169	19.1	19.1
46	Nebraska	Priv. Manufacturing	329	90,783	18,830	23,437	20.7	25.8
88	Nevada	Total	2,008	420,440	98,833	114,090	23.5	27.1
88	Nevada	Private	1,703	356,337	75,533	83,852	21.2	23.5
88	Nevada	Public	305	64,102	23,299	30,238	36.3	47.2
88	Nevada	Priv. Construction	122	27,517	10,736	10,970	39.0	39.9
88	Nevada	Priv. Manufacturing	98	21,151	3,744	4,582	17.7	21.7
12	New Hampshire	Total	1,920	444,223	45,923	55,204	10.3	12.4
12	New Hampshire	Private	1,674	388,270	28,278	32,026	7.3	8.2
12	New Hampshire	Public	246	55,953	17,646	23,178	31.5	41.4
12	New Hampshire	Priv. Construction	101	22,041	4,259	4,956	19.3	22.5
12	New Hampshire	Priv. Manufacturing	616	144,567	13,358	15,143	9.2	10.5
22	New Jersey	Total	5,844	3,262,129	811,028	903,535	24.9	27.7
22	New Jersey	Private	4,884	2,725,106	513,075	567,726	18.8	20.8
22	New Jersey	Public	960	537,023	297,953	335,809	55.5	62.5
22	New Jersey	Priv. Construction	222	123,809	37,707	41,466	30.5	33.5
22	New Jersey	Priv. Manufacturing	1,404	779,967	221,939	240,875	28.5	30.9
85	New Mexico	Total	2,016	485,954	46,648	66,921	9.6	13.8
85	New Mexico	Private	1,403	338,922	27,799	33,935	8.2	10.0
85	New Mexico	Public	613	147,033	18,850	32,986	12.8	22.4
85	New Mexico	Priv. Construction	128	30,933	2,569	3,217	8.3	10.4
85	New Mexico	Priv. Manufacturing	156	38,490	5,342	6,264	13.9	16.3
21	New York	Total	10,589	6,747,928	2,170,028	2,405,452	32.2	35.7
21	New York	Private	8,525	5,420,914	1,281,660	1,430,791	23.6	26.4
21	New York	Public	2,064	1,327,014	888,368	974,661	66.9	73.5
21	New York	Priv. Construction	385	246,057	113,256	119,768	46.0	48.7
21	New York	Priv. Manufacturing	2,052	1,321,788	396,607	431,791	30.0	32.7
56	North Carolina	Total	3,878	2,521,452	185,150	228,623	7.3	9.1
56	North Carolina	Private	3,244	2,104,730	100,372	118,224	4.8	5.6
56	North Carolina	Public	634	416,722	84,778	110,399	20.3	26.5
56	North Carolina	Priv. Construction	198	131,424	799	799	0.6	0.6
56	North Carolina	Priv. Manufacturing	1,310	873,037	57,853	65,703	6.6	7.5
44	North Dakota	Total	2,111	228,594	28,242	36,350	12.4	15.9
44	North Dakota	Private	1,610	175,378	13,972	16,881	8.0	9.6
44	North Dakota	Public	501	53,215	14,269	19,470	26.8	36.6
44	North Dakota	Priv. Construction	92	10,130	2,376	2,466	23.5	24.3
44	North Dakota	Priv. Manufacturing	146	15,336	2,500	3,979	16.3	25.9
31	Ohio	Total	7,063	4,183,616	992,784	1,093,684	23.7	26.1
31	Ohio	Private	6,051	3,586,051	753,451	804,474	21.0	22.4
31	Ohio	Public	1,012	597,565	239,333	289,209	40.1	48.4
31	Ohio	Priv. Construction	223	135,434	42,211	42,747	31.2	31.6
31	Ohio	Priv. Manufacturing	2,044	1,207,886	460,202	487,465	38.1	40.4
73	Oklahoma	Total	2,519	1,213,668	124,009	150,010	10.2	12.4
73	Oklahoma	Private	2,065	992,913	84,557	96,840	8.5	9.8
73	Oklahoma	Public	454	220,755	39,451	53,170	17.9	24.1
73	Oklahoma	Priv. Construction	121	56,072	7,454	7,971	13.3	14.2
73	Oklahoma	Priv. Manufacturing	399	180,251	44,977	50,739	25.0	28.1
92	Oregon	Total	2,145	982,823	241,216	274,433	24.5	27.9
92	Oregon	Private	1,712	792,594	148,203	165,351	18.7	20.9
92	Oregon	Public	433	190,229	93,014	109,082	48.9	57.3
92	Oregon	Priv. Construction	57	24,696	6,811	7,181	27.6	29.1
92	Oregon	Priv. Manufacturing	481	216,572	64,108	68,489	29.6	31.6
23	Pennsylvania	Total	6,948	4,519,022	1,123,013	1,236,884	24.9	27.4
23	Pennsylvania	Private	6,021	3,923,247	829,488	887,064	21.1	22.6
23	Pennsylvania	Public	927	595,775	293,524	349,821	49.3	58.7
23	Pennsylvania	Priv. Construction	291	194,519	58,487	62,827	30.1	32.3
23	Pennsylvania	Priv. Manufacturing	1,843	1,202,559	454,954	475,339	37.8	39.5
15	Rhode Island	Total	1,906	418,180	93,882	102,315	22.5	24.5
15	Rhode Island	Private	1,620	355,531	49,353	54,207	13.9	15.2
15	Rhode Island	Public	286	62,648	44,530	48,108	71.1	76.8
15	Rhode Island	Priv. Construction	59	12,735	3,762	3,762	29.5	29.5
15	Rhode Island	Priv. Manufacturing	610	136,407	23,928	27,011	17.5	19.8
57	South Carolina	Total	1,995	1,252,086	51,821	67,261	4.1	5.4
57	South Carolina	Private	1,621	1,023,372	35,363	46,978	3.5	4.6
57	South Carolina	Public	374	228,715	16,458	20,284	7.2	8.9
57	South Carolina	Priv. Construction	147	96,832	2,164	4,418	2.2	4.6
57	South Carolina	Priv. Manufacturing	519	312,878	19,988	25,767	6.4	8.2
45	South Dakota	Total	2,522	250,897	26,894	35,216	10.7	14.0
45	South Dakota	Private	1,883	189,681	13,669	16,201	7.2	8.5
45	South Dakota	Public	639	61,216	13,225	19,015	21.6	31.1
45	South Dakota	Priv. Construction	102	10,162	1,079	1,173	10.6	11.5
45	South Dakota	Priv. Manufacturing	309	32,190	5,349	6,395	16.6	19.9
62	Tennessee	Total	2,352	1,771,078	236,421	299,247	13.3	16.9
62	Tennessee	Private	1,957	1,471,199	163,496	194,253	11.1	13.2
62	Tennessee	Public	395	299,879	72,925	104,993	24.3	35.0
62	Tennessee	Priv. Construction	116	90,877	14,825	16,781	16.3	18.5
62	Tennessee	Priv. Manufacturing	685	523,918	98,908	115,556	18.9	22.1
74	Texas	Total	8,853	6,387,664	499,815	639,002	7.8	10.0
74	Texas	Private	7,429	5,382,932	331,402	400,551	6.2	7.4
74	Texas	Public	1,424	1,004,732	168,413	238,451	16.8	23.7
74	Texas	Priv. Construction	731	528,607	57,466	62,252	10.9	11.8
74	Texas	Priv. Manufacturing	1,438	1,038,637	118,254	150,238	11.4	14.5
87	Utah	Total	2,540	583,184	77,372	99,541	13.3	17.1
87	Utah	Private	1,981	458,543	42,005	49,999	9.2	10.9
87	Utah	Public	559	124,641	35,367	49,542	28.4	39.7
87	Utah	Priv. Construction	176	39,884	6,960	7,175	17.4	18.0
87	Utah	Priv. Manufacturing	400	93,489	12,340	14,561	13.2	15.6
13	Vermont	Total	1,885	224,378	25,106	33,312	11.2	14.9
13	Vermont	Private	1,572	188,333	12,071	15,411	6.4	8.2
13	Vermont	Public	313	36,045	13,036	17,901	36.2	49.7
13	Vermont	Priv. Construction	102	12,159	693	942	5.7	7.7
13	Vermont	Priv. Manufacturing	439	51,063	7,118	8,570	13.9	16.8
54	Virginia	Total	3,498	2,427,627	258,749	341,622	10.7	14.1
54	Virginia	Private	2,685	1,879,208	186,100	230,550	9.9	12.3
54	Virginia	Public	813	548,420	72,649	111,071	13.2	20.3
54	Virginia	Priv. Construction	197	137,471	12,217	13,515	8.9	9.8
54	Virginia	Priv. Manufacturing	657	466,426	99,737	124,097	21.4	26.6
91	Washington	Total	2,303	1,556,126	398,288	470,722	25.6	30.3
91	Washington	Private	1,803	1,212,124	239,729	277,502	19.8	22.9
91	Washington	Public	500	344,002	158,559	193,220	46.1	56.2
91	Washington	Priv. Construction	100	67,478	20,436	23,020	30.3	34.1
91	Washington	Priv. Manufacturing	411	275,639	108,218	121,788	39.3	44.3
55	West Virginia	Total	1,743	583,692	139,661	156,830	23.9	26.9
55	West Virginia	Private	1,372	459,579	109,692	116,615	23.9	25.4
55	West Virginia	Public	371	124,113	29,969	40,215	24.1	32.4
55	West Virginia	Priv. Construction	66	20,801	7,496	7,676	36.0	36.9
55	West Virginia	Priv. Manufacturing	278	95,587	39,877	41,209	41.7	43.1
35	Wisconsin	Total	2,917	1,963,693	483,852	532,879	24.6	27.1
35	Wisconsin	Private	2,487	1,672,424	343,880	367,125	20.6	22.0
35	Wisconsin	Public	430	291,269	139,972	165,754	48.1	56.9
35	Wisconsin	Priv. Construction	113	73,697	24,935	25,571	33.8	34.7
35	Wisconsin	Priv. Manufacturing	807	542,517	213,700	226,008	39.4	41.7
83	Wyoming	Total	1,616	197,288	30,404	36,907	15.4	18.7
83	Wyoming	Private	1,166	141,740	16,164	19,195	11.4	13.5
83	Wyoming	Public	450	55,549	14,240	17,712	25.6	31.9
83	Wyoming	Priv. Construction	107	13,683	2,095	2,497	15.3	18.2
83	Wyoming	Priv. Manufacturing	71	8,355	1,829	1,968	21.9	23.6
Data Sources: Current Population Survey (CPS) Outgoing Rotation Group (ORG) Earnings Files, 1984. Sample includes
employed wage and salary workers, ages 16 and over. Variable definitions are: State Code=Census state code  used
in CPS, Obs=CPS sample size, Employment=wage and salary employment, Members=employed workers who are union
members, Covered=workers covered by a collective bargaining agreement, %Mem=percent of employed workers who
are union members, and %Cov=percent of employed workers who are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
© 2002 by Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson.  The use of data requires citation.