Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by State, 1985 (details in table note)
State
Code	State	Sector	Obs	Employment	Members	Covered	%Mem	%Cov
63	Alabama	Total	1,898	1,444,755	226,614	254,861	15.7	17.6
63	Alabama	Private	1,527	1,154,373	156,023	168,244	13.5	14.6
63	Alabama	Public	371	290,382	70,591	86,617	24.3	29.8
63	Alabama	Priv. Construction	82	61,695	12,937	14,688	21.0	23.8
63	Alabama	Priv. Manufacturing	476	359,881	90,790	95,193	25.2	26.5
94	Alaska	Total	2,763	191,067	47,705	53,422	25.0	28.0
94	Alaska	Private	1,939	133,415	22,714	24,762	17.0	18.6
94	Alaska	Public	824	57,652	24,990	28,660	43.3	49.7
94	Alaska	Priv. Construction	203	14,424	4,885	5,357	33.9	37.1
94	Alaska	Priv. Manufacturing	142	11,236	2,124	2,190	18.9	19.5
86	Arizona	Total	1,791	1,210,792	115,593	145,713	9.5	12.0
86	Arizona	Private	1,473	1,006,329	79,151	93,566	7.9	9.3
86	Arizona	Public	318	204,463	36,442	52,147	17.8	25.5
86	Arizona	Priv. Construction	160	114,021	22,650	24,960	19.9	21.9
86	Arizona	Priv. Manufacturing	274	188,606	14,666	17,790	7.8	9.4
71	Arkansas	Total	1,938	815,686	91,594	108,423	11.2	13.3
71	Arkansas	Private	1,640	690,572	65,362	78,752	9.5	11.4
71	Arkansas	Public	298	125,114	26,231	29,671	21.0	23.7
71	Arkansas	Priv. Construction	95	39,819	3,761	3,761	9.4	9.4
71	Arkansas	Priv. Manufacturing	487	202,945	41,488	48,778	20.4	24.0
93	California	Total	14,553	10,407,706	2,123,121	2,485,763	20.4	23.9
93	California	Private	12,230	8,721,580	1,378,224	1,534,746	15.8	17.6
93	California	Public	2,323	1,686,126	744,897	951,016	44.2	56.4
93	California	Priv. Construction	680	521,788	160,938	166,479	30.8	31.9
93	California	Priv. Manufacturing	3,158	2,196,503	408,080	458,091	18.6	20.9
84	Colorado	Total	2,305	1,393,892	165,174	191,073	11.8	13.7
84	Colorado	Private	1,890	1,156,141	102,491	115,409	8.9	10.0
84	Colorado	Public	415	237,751	62,683	75,664	26.4	31.8
84	Colorado	Priv. Construction	142	87,485	13,496	13,944	15.4	15.9
84	Colorado	Priv. Manufacturing	311	195,568	18,264	21,831	9.3	11.2
16	Connecticut	Total	2,440	1,468,633	306,463	325,899	20.9	22.2
16	Connecticut	Private	2,137	1,286,515	185,587	200,840	14.4	15.6
16	Connecticut	Public	303	182,118	120,876	125,059	66.4	68.7
16	Connecticut	Priv. Construction	93	55,012	10,164	10,164	18.5	18.5
16	Connecticut	Priv. Manufacturing	720	434,587	88,526	96,096	20.4	22.1
51	Delaware	Total	2,050	275,184	45,618	50,865	16.6	18.5
51	Delaware	Private	1,733	232,344	29,770	32,058	12.8	13.8
51	Delaware	Public	317	42,841	15,848	18,807	37.0	43.9
51	Delaware	Priv. Construction	129	17,534	3,233	3,458	18.4	19.7
51	Delaware	Priv. Manufacturing	496	68,188	16,057	17,335	23.5	25.4
53	D.C.	Total	1,912	274,109	45,208	58,226	16.5	21.2
53	D.C.	Private	1,181	170,170	23,650	28,198	13.9	16.6
53	D.C.	Public	731	103,939	21,558	30,028	20.7	28.9
53	D.C.	Priv. Construction	54	8,361	1,720	2,433	20.6	29.1
53	D.C.	Priv. Manufacturing	72	10,220	2,501	3,177	24.5	31.1
59	Florida	Total	7,026	4,332,346	395,169	515,733	9.1	11.9
59	Florida	Private	5,929	3,651,653	195,247	239,432	5.3	6.6
59	Florida	Public	1,097	680,693	199,922	276,301	29.4	40.6
59	Florida	Priv. Construction	532	335,315	28,578	32,630	8.5	9.7
59	Florida	Priv. Manufacturing	895	545,421	44,652	56,066	8.2	10.3
58	Georgia	Total	2,598	2,389,005	239,520	273,069	10.0	11.4
58	Georgia	Private	2,187	2,018,824	183,056	200,833	9.1	9.9
58	Georgia	Public	411	370,181	56,464	72,236	15.3	19.5
58	Georgia	Priv. Construction	129	123,718	11,282	11,282	9.1	9.1
58	Georgia	Priv. Manufacturing	614	550,083	75,778	85,054	13.8	15.5
95	Hawaii	Total	1,794	394,123	109,600	121,204	27.8	30.8
95	Hawaii	Private	1,336	294,779	58,042	62,699	19.7	21.3
95	Hawaii	Public	458	99,343	51,558	58,505	51.9	58.9
95	Hawaii	Priv. Construction	88	18,584	7,821	8,214	42.1	44.2
95	Hawaii	Priv. Manufacturing	100	21,726	7,571	7,714	34.8	35.5
82	Idaho	Total	2,145	357,194	41,725	48,436	11.7	13.6
82	Idaho	Private	1,729	288,545	28,148	31,142	9.8	10.8
82	Idaho	Public	416	68,649	13,576	17,295	19.8	25.2
82	Idaho	Priv. Construction	87	15,191	2,609	2,609	17.2	17.2
82	Idaho	Priv. Manufacturing	336	56,650	12,172	13,067	21.5	23.1
33	Illinois	Total	7,408	4,638,389	1,031,719	1,124,879	22.2	24.3
33	Illinois	Private	6,307	3,962,306	762,602	802,550	19.2	20.3
33	Illinois	Public	1,101	676,083	269,116	322,329	39.8	47.7
33	Illinois	Priv. Construction	255	156,650	81,506	81,506	52.0	52.0
33	Illinois	Priv. Manufacturing	1,722	1,095,657	338,108	351,649	30.9	32.1
32	Indiana	Total	3,031	2,237,682	476,651	524,387	21.3	23.4
32	Indiana	Private	2,606	1,928,295	400,193	423,428	20.8	22.0
32	Indiana	Public	425	309,387	76,458	100,959	24.7	32.6
32	Indiana	Priv. Construction	132	101,570	38,271	40,512	37.7	39.9
32	Indiana	Priv. Manufacturing	863	641,275	269,379	280,344	42.0	43.7
42	Iowa	Total	2,216	1,066,416	181,685	212,806	17.0	20.0
42	Iowa	Private	1,798	864,777	125,773	139,449	14.5	16.1
42	Iowa	Public	418	201,639	55,912	73,357	27.7	36.4
42	Iowa	Priv. Construction	73	37,010	6,720	6,720	18.2	18.2
42	Iowa	Priv. Manufacturing	464	223,555	84,259	90,056	37.7	40.3
47	Kansas	Total	2,292	1,010,538	128,959	157,311	12.8	15.6
47	Kansas	Private	1,906	844,166	95,922	112,249	11.4	13.3
47	Kansas	Public	386	166,372	33,037	45,062	19.9	27.1
47	Kansas	Priv. Construction	101	44,416	10,628	10,628	23.9	23.9
47	Kansas	Priv. Manufacturing	443	197,650	46,786	56,317	23.7	28.5
61	Kentucky	Total	2,003	1,330,815	219,179	250,776	16.5	18.8
61	Kentucky	Private	1,663	1,108,348	181,497	198,838	16.4	17.9
61	Kentucky	Public	340	222,467	37,682	51,939	16.9	23.3
61	Kentucky	Priv. Construction	78	52,258	8,504	11,912	16.3	22.8
61	Kentucky	Priv. Manufacturing	429	281,752	104,603	112,705	37.1	40.0
72	Louisiana	Total	2,011	1,541,465	147,949	172,822	9.6	11.2
72	Louisiana	Private	1,606	1,236,453	97,412	104,694	7.9	8.5
72	Louisiana	Public	405	305,012	50,536	68,128	16.6	22.3
72	Louisiana	Priv. Construction	147	114,773	12,830	14,433	11.2	12.6
72	Louisiana	Priv. Manufacturing	243	192,223	41,055	42,688	21.4	22.2
11	Maine	Total	1,951	454,044	77,478	90,022	17.1	19.8
11	Maine	Private	1,608	375,879	42,217	48,417	11.2	12.9
11	Maine	Public	343	78,165	35,261	41,604	45.1	53.2
11	Maine	Priv. Construction	95	23,412	2,491	2,788	10.6	11.9
11	Maine	Priv. Manufacturing	485	112,041	29,738	32,011	26.5	28.6
52	Maryland	Total	3,151	1,976,818	329,874	412,905	16.7	20.9
52	Maryland	Private	2,293	1,439,796	186,689	226,935	13.0	15.8
52	Maryland	Public	858	537,022	143,185	185,970	26.7	34.6
52	Maryland	Priv. Construction	178	116,875	21,578	22,905	18.5	19.6
52	Maryland	Priv. Manufacturing	363	229,276	65,697	72,762	28.7	31.7
14	Massachusetts	Total	7,351	2,681,806	495,438	548,414	18.5	20.4
14	Massachusetts	Private	6,308	2,298,917	298,573	331,928	13.0	14.4
14	Massachusetts	Public	1,043	382,889	196,865	216,487	51.4	56.5
14	Massachusetts	Priv. Construction	294	107,876	26,602	28,816	24.7	26.7
14	Massachusetts	Priv. Manufacturing	1,918	699,451	141,280	152,555	20.2	21.8
34	Michigan	Total	6,892	3,533,006	1,004,466	1,070,995	28.4	30.3
34	Michigan	Private	5,862	3,008,267	706,622	758,935	23.5	25.2
34	Michigan	Public	1,030	524,739	297,844	312,060	56.8	59.5
34	Michigan	Priv. Construction	249	128,760	45,718	48,322	35.5	37.5
34	Michigan	Priv. Manufacturing	2,111	1,084,771	458,507	481,350	42.3	44.4
41	Minnesota	Total	2,778	1,804,330	407,543	452,666	22.6	25.1
41	Minnesota	Private	2,324	1,514,763	252,288	278,066	16.7	18.4
41	Minnesota	Public	454	289,567	155,255	174,600	53.6	60.3
41	Minnesota	Priv. Construction	106	69,717	29,852	29,852	42.8	42.8
41	Minnesota	Priv. Manufacturing	560	353,570	81,678	89,659	23.1	25.4
64	Mississippi	Total	2,093	873,892	81,313	94,546	9.3	10.8
64	Mississippi	Private	1,715	716,754	60,071	68,450	8.4	9.6
64	Mississippi	Public	378	157,137	21,242	26,096	13.5	16.6
64	Mississippi	Priv. Construction	95	39,891	4,361	5,130	10.9	12.9
64	Mississippi	Priv. Manufacturing	524	223,551	33,438	38,805	15.0	17.4
43	Missouri	Total	2,898	2,026,305	378,338	418,865	18.7	20.7
43	Missouri	Private	2,462	1,715,825	327,200	343,340	19.1	20.0
43	Missouri	Public	436	310,480	51,138	75,526	16.5	24.3
43	Missouri	Priv. Construction	137	94,440	39,667	41,005	42.0	43.4
43	Missouri	Priv. Manufacturing	600	415,515	132,860	141,441	32.0	34.0
81	Montana	Total	2,106	295,063	57,270	66,895	19.4	22.7
81	Montana	Private	1,580	222,797	33,244	36,433	14.9	16.4
81	Montana	Public	526	72,266	24,026	30,462	33.2	42.2
81	Montana	Priv. Construction	81	11,871	4,659	4,659	39.2	39.2
81	Montana	Priv. Manufacturing	161	22,465	8,585	8,730	38.2	38.9
46	Nebraska	Total	2,169	618,785	78,820	98,992	12.7	16.0
46	Nebraska	Private	1,763	504,693	52,099	63,130	10.3	12.5
46	Nebraska	Public	406	114,092	26,721	35,862	23.4	31.4
46	Nebraska	Priv. Construction	93	26,647	5,954	6,526	22.3	24.5
46	Nebraska	Priv. Manufacturing	332	94,954	21,291	25,921	22.4	27.3
88	Nevada	Total	1,806	414,748	89,712	102,139	21.6	24.6
88	Nevada	Private	1,517	347,720	67,711	73,971	19.5	21.3
88	Nevada	Public	289	67,028	22,002	28,168	32.8	42.0
88	Nevada	Priv. Construction	108	24,789	9,522	9,522	38.4	38.4
88	Nevada	Priv. Manufacturing	103	23,762	3,249	3,906	13.7	16.4
12	New Hampshire	Total	1,769	455,695	48,806	54,754	10.7	12.0
12	New Hampshire	Private	1,527	394,138	27,140	29,817	6.9	7.6
12	New Hampshire	Public	242	61,557	21,667	24,937	35.2	40.5
12	New Hampshire	Priv. Construction	132	33,815	3,892	4,166	11.5	12.3
12	New Hampshire	Priv. Manufacturing	546	142,169	13,188	14,409	9.3	10.1
22	New Jersey	Total	7,370	3,299,772	820,972	937,188	24.9	28.4
22	New Jersey	Private	6,182	2,764,440	524,131	596,215	19.0	21.6
22	New Jersey	Public	1,188	535,332	296,841	340,973	55.4	63.7
22	New Jersey	Priv. Construction	321	141,108	52,733	56,313	37.4	39.9
22	New Jersey	Priv. Manufacturing	1,726	784,302	223,120	248,104	28.4	31.6
85	New Mexico	Total	1,889	491,733	49,381	62,449	10.0	12.7
85	New Mexico	Private	1,329	347,716	30,805	33,086	8.9	9.5
85	New Mexico	Public	560	144,017	18,576	29,363	12.9	20.4
85	New Mexico	Priv. Construction	116	31,631	3,601	3,874	11.4	12.2
85	New Mexico	Priv. Manufacturing	133	36,387	5,529	5,529	15.2	15.2
21	New York	Total	12,016	6,960,944	2,102,267	2,298,306	30.2	33.0
21	New York	Private	9,660	5,600,562	1,195,264	1,315,988	21.3	23.5
21	New York	Public	2,356	1,360,382	907,003	982,319	66.7	72.2
21	New York	Priv. Construction	442	256,105	99,326	103,684	38.8	40.5
21	New York	Priv. Manufacturing	2,261	1,311,252	376,190	406,257	28.7	31.0
56	North Carolina	Total	6,517	2,629,597	167,015	209,462	6.4	8.0
56	North Carolina	Private	5,534	2,235,233	106,095	126,622	4.7	5.7
56	North Carolina	Public	983	394,363	60,920	82,840	15.4	21.0
56	North Carolina	Priv. Construction	342	135,622	2,781	3,787	2.1	2.8
56	North Carolina	Priv. Manufacturing	2,111	865,923	60,211	68,801	7.0	7.9
44	North Dakota	Total	2,222	243,954	27,867	34,206	11.4	14.0
44	North Dakota	Private	1,689	186,643	11,891	14,746	6.4	7.9
44	North Dakota	Public	533	57,311	15,975	19,460	27.9	34.0
44	North Dakota	Priv. Construction	86	9,769	2,205	2,709	22.6	27.7
44	North Dakota	Priv. Manufacturing	135	14,499	2,529	3,392	17.4	23.4
31	Ohio	Total	7,380	4,241,284	998,957	1,090,872	23.6	25.7
31	Ohio	Private	6,274	3,606,256	746,986	793,436	20.7	22.0
31	Ohio	Public	1,106	635,028	251,972	297,436	39.7	46.8
31	Ohio	Priv. Construction	253	144,031	45,415	46,492	31.5	32.3
31	Ohio	Priv. Manufacturing	2,068	1,183,604	465,705	489,033	39.3	41.3
73	Oklahoma	Total	2,324	1,225,342	128,390	150,992	10.5	12.3
73	Oklahoma	Private	1,849	974,788	79,593	91,394	8.2	9.4
73	Oklahoma	Public	475	250,554	48,797	59,598	19.5	23.8
73	Oklahoma	Priv. Construction	107	56,863	9,062	9,062	15.9	15.9
73	Oklahoma	Priv. Manufacturing	350	179,431	37,633	41,599	21.0	23.2
92	Oregon	Total	1,756	1,020,091	231,576	260,792	22.7	25.6
92	Oregon	Private	1,415	825,121	138,051	148,473	16.7	18.0
92	Oregon	Public	341	194,970	93,525	112,319	48.0	57.6
92	Oregon	Priv. Construction	64	39,344	9,444	10,453	24.0	26.6
92	Oregon	Priv. Manufacturing	371	216,195	58,203	61,945	26.9	28.7
23	Pennsylvania	Total	7,458	4,624,686	1,055,386	1,174,661	22.8	25.4
23	Pennsylvania	Private	6,441	4,000,760	765,635	820,998	19.1	20.5
23	Pennsylvania	Public	1,017	623,926	289,751	353,663	46.4	56.7
23	Pennsylvania	Priv. Construction	324	202,236	58,960	62,573	29.2	30.9
23	Pennsylvania	Priv. Manufacturing	1,874	1,166,203	408,924	427,577	35.1	36.7
15	Rhode Island	Total	1,822	427,545	90,214	97,705	21.1	22.9
15	Rhode Island	Private	1,541	362,579	46,079	49,684	12.7	13.7
15	Rhode Island	Public	281	64,965	44,135	48,021	67.9	73.9
15	Rhode Island	Priv. Construction	63	15,125	3,373	3,373	22.3	22.3
15	Rhode Island	Priv. Manufacturing	570	134,722	21,770	22,982	16.2	17.1
57	South Carolina	Total	2,213	1,300,651	58,771	72,516	4.5	5.6
57	South Carolina	Private	1,800	1,062,490	40,422	46,498	3.8	4.4
57	South Carolina	Public	413	238,161	18,349	26,017	7.7	10.9
57	South Carolina	Priv. Construction	164	98,015	3,682	4,362	3.8	4.5
57	South Carolina	Priv. Manufacturing	620	360,872	24,279	28,118	6.7	7.8
45	South Dakota	Total	2,350	250,068	27,904	34,509	11.2	13.8
45	South Dakota	Private	1,813	194,216	14,499	17,421	7.5	9.0
45	South Dakota	Public	537	55,852	13,406	17,088	24.0	30.6
45	South Dakota	Priv. Construction	82	8,812	895	895	10.2	10.2
45	South Dakota	Priv. Manufacturing	275	29,356	5,660	6,520	19.3	22.2
62	Tennessee	Total	2,233	1,811,323	236,844	281,797	13.1	15.6
62	Tennessee	Private	1,836	1,491,247	162,565	189,888	10.9	12.7
62	Tennessee	Public	397	320,076	74,278	91,909	23.2	28.7
62	Tennessee	Priv. Construction	117	95,171	15,789	16,545	16.6	17.4
62	Tennessee	Priv. Manufacturing	606	491,779	93,060	108,652	18.9	22.1
74	Texas	Total	8,675	6,444,149	474,755	626,238	7.4	9.7
74	Texas	Private	7,279	5,438,056	306,770	389,645	5.6	7.2
74	Texas	Public	1,396	1,006,093	167,985	236,593	16.7	23.5
74	Texas	Priv. Construction	646	494,185	44,988	50,435	9.1	10.2
74	Texas	Priv. Manufacturing	1,376	1,047,115	102,495	135,811	9.8	13.0
87	Utah	Total	2,142	614,900	69,897	91,903	11.4	14.9
87	Utah	Private	1,678	481,118	38,496	48,344	8.0	10.0
87	Utah	Public	464	133,782	31,401	43,559	23.5	32.6
87	Utah	Priv. Construction	118	33,102	6,337	6,867	19.1	20.7
87	Utah	Priv. Manufacturing	334	96,388	8,243	11,132	8.6	11.5
13	Vermont	Total	1,723	222,555	28,462	35,442	12.8	15.9
13	Vermont	Private	1,434	185,487	13,113	15,339	7.1	8.3
13	Vermont	Public	289	37,067	15,349	20,103	41.4	54.2
13	Vermont	Priv. Construction	111	14,610	1,081	1,221	7.4	8.4
13	Vermont	Priv. Manufacturing	372	48,091	7,172	8,137	14.9	16.9
54	Virginia	Total	2,978	2,434,176	235,976	296,665	9.7	12.2
54	Virginia	Private	2,296	1,883,993	161,710	193,771	8.6	10.3
54	Virginia	Public	682	550,183	74,266	102,894	13.5	18.7
54	Virginia	Priv. Construction	180	151,764	9,460	13,589	6.2	9.0
54	Virginia	Priv. Manufacturing	501	411,171	76,933	89,551	18.7	21.8
91	Washington	Total	1,907	1,622,897	405,812	469,168	25.0	28.9
91	Washington	Private	1,473	1,258,797	233,764	264,816	18.6	21.0
91	Washington	Public	434	364,100	172,048	204,351	47.3	56.1
91	Washington	Priv. Construction	89	79,943	13,538	16,430	16.9	20.6
91	Washington	Priv. Manufacturing	295	254,612	96,279	107,292	37.8	42.1
55	West Virginia	Total	1,739	593,198	134,669	148,326	22.7	25.0
55	West Virginia	Private	1,353	463,815	102,936	106,222	22.2	22.9
55	West Virginia	Public	386	129,383	31,733	42,104	24.5	32.5
55	West Virginia	Priv. Construction	75	25,505	8,088	8,374	31.7	32.8
55	West Virginia	Priv. Manufacturing	279	95,132	38,367	40,178	40.3	42.2
35	Wisconsin	Total	2,662	1,952,705	435,912	463,872	22.3	23.8
35	Wisconsin	Private	2,251	1,650,440	293,109	304,138	17.8	18.4
35	Wisconsin	Public	411	302,265	142,803	159,735	47.2	52.8
35	Wisconsin	Priv. Construction	96	71,378	22,117	22,117	31.0	31.0
35	Wisconsin	Priv. Manufacturing	696	510,484	186,525	192,467	36.5	37.7
83	Wyoming	Total	1,718	194,666	26,769	34,191	13.8	17.6
83	Wyoming	Private	1,282	146,259	16,327	19,497	11.2	13.3
83	Wyoming	Public	436	48,407	10,443	14,694	21.6	30.4
83	Wyoming	Priv. Construction	124	14,310	1,212	1,321	8.5	9.2
83	Wyoming	Priv. Manufacturing	66	7,311	1,097	1,097	15.0	15.0
Data Sources: Current Population Survey (CPS) Outgoing Rotation Group (ORG) Earnings Files, 1985. Sample includes
employed wage and salary workers, ages 16 and over. Variable definitions are: State Code=Census state code  used
in CPS, Obs=CPS sample size, Employment=wage and salary employment, Members=employed workers who are union
members, Covered=workers covered by a collective bargaining agreement, %Mem=percent of employed workers who
are union members, and %Cov=percent of employed workers who are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
© 2002 by Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson.  The use of data requires citation.