Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by State, 1989 (details in table note)
State
Code	State	Sector	Obs	Employment	Members	Covered	%Mem	%Cov
63	Alabama	Total	2,148	1,604,535	221,476	252,547	13.8	15.7
63	Alabama	Private	1,766	1,315,985	151,552	162,881	11.5	12.4
63	Alabama	Public	382	288,550	69,924	89,666	24.2	31.1
63	Alabama	Priv. Construction	115	86,773	7,656	8,306	8.8	9.6
63	Alabama	Priv. Manufacturing	556	414,318	94,190	98,003	22.7	23.7
94	Alaska	Total	2,592	187,941	42,927	46,923	22.8	25.0
94	Alaska	Private	1,785	128,213	16,847	18,221	13.1	14.2
94	Alaska	Public	807	59,728	26,080	28,701	43.7	48.1
94	Alaska	Priv. Construction	114	8,191	2,758	2,758	33.7	33.7
94	Alaska	Priv. Manufacturing	108	7,588	897	1,165	11.8	15.4
86	Arizona	Total	1,853	1,386,947	101,230	121,685	7.3	8.8
86	Arizona	Private	1,525	1,137,777	54,849	63,655	4.8	5.6
86	Arizona	Public	328	249,171	46,380	58,029	18.6	23.3
86	Arizona	Priv. Construction	108	83,476	7,241	7,241	8.7	8.7
86	Arizona	Priv. Manufacturing	273	198,556	13,710	14,266	6.9	7.2
71	Arkansas	Total	2,101	907,815	88,016	109,601	9.7	12.1
71	Arkansas	Private	1,749	757,620	61,603	74,954	8.1	9.9
71	Arkansas	Public	352	150,195	26,412	34,647	17.6	23.1
71	Arkansas	Priv. Construction	84	36,625	2,750	3,137	7.5	8.6
71	Arkansas	Priv. Manufacturing	533	229,977	38,249	45,577	16.6	19.8
93	California	Total	10,362	11,825,950	2,238,878	2,584,284	18.9	21.9
93	California	Private	8,644	9,913,212	1,319,841	1,479,209	13.3	14.9
93	California	Public	1,718	1,912,738	919,038	1,105,075	48.0	57.8
93	California	Priv. Construction	591	710,155	183,908	193,178	25.9	27.2
93	California	Priv. Manufacturing	1,950	2,238,972	406,812	446,083	18.2	19.9
84	Colorado	Total	1,961	1,394,835	129,200	157,834	9.3	11.3
84	Colorado	Private	1,611	1,149,325	74,591	85,141	6.5	7.4
84	Colorado	Public	350	245,510	54,609	72,694	22.2	29.6
84	Colorado	Priv. Construction	78	55,730	7,899	7,899	14.2	14.2
84	Colorado	Priv. Manufacturing	285	202,190	11,254	12,017	5.6	5.9
16	Connecticut	Total	1,904	1,533,038	284,032	297,050	18.5	19.4
16	Connecticut	Private	1,664	1,341,789	162,928	172,831	12.1	12.9
16	Connecticut	Public	240	191,248	121,104	124,219	63.3	65.0
16	Connecticut	Priv. Construction	108	84,492	19,675	20,969	23.3	24.8
16	Connecticut	Priv. Manufacturing	467	371,424	66,185	67,977	17.8	18.3
51	Delaware	Total	2,014	321,182	50,678	55,398	15.8	17.2
51	Delaware	Private	1,720	274,105	33,260	35,566	12.1	13.0
51	Delaware	Public	294	47,078	17,419	19,831	37.0	42.1
51	Delaware	Priv. Construction	114	18,242	3,773	3,877	20.7	21.3
51	Delaware	Priv. Manufacturing	463	74,301	18,741	19,929	25.2	26.8
53	D.C.	Total	1,749	286,816	42,834	54,315	14.9	18.9
53	D.C.	Private	1,152	190,323	21,500	26,543	11.3	13.9
53	D.C.	Public	597	96,493	21,334	27,771	22.1	28.8
53	D.C.	Priv. Construction	60	11,226	3,861	4,488	34.4	40.0
53	D.C.	Priv. Manufacturing	58	9,420	950	1,419	10.1	15.1
59	Florida	Total	8,356	5,124,597	369,632	508,922	7.2	9.9
59	Florida	Private	7,005	4,308,528	154,504	209,181	3.6	4.9
59	Florida	Public	1,351	816,069	215,128	299,741	26.4	36.7
59	Florida	Priv. Construction	565	349,312	16,704	18,502	4.8	5.3
59	Florida	Priv. Manufacturing	1,012	637,697	35,299	49,032	5.5	7.7
58	Georgia	Total	2,211	2,784,456	247,668	286,025	8.9	10.3
58	Georgia	Private	1,851	2,332,950	180,337	195,816	7.7	8.4
58	Georgia	Public	360	451,507	67,331	90,209	14.9	20.0
58	Georgia	Priv. Construction	136	168,199	20,169	21,729	12.0	12.9
58	Georgia	Priv. Manufacturing	487	604,494	71,432	72,326	11.8	12.0
95	Hawaii	Total	1,851	442,094	132,310	137,631	29.9	31.1
95	Hawaii	Private	1,426	338,797	72,274	75,162	21.3	22.2
95	Hawaii	Public	425	103,297	60,036	62,470	58.1	60.5
95	Hawaii	Priv. Construction	114	27,194	11,760	12,226	43.2	45.0
95	Hawaii	Priv. Manufacturing	90	21,691	6,680	6,680	30.8	30.8
82	Idaho	Total	2,131	377,053	36,738	42,245	9.7	11.2
82	Idaho	Private	1,741	309,557	25,129	28,563	8.1	9.2
82	Idaho	Public	390	67,495	11,610	13,682	17.2	20.3
82	Idaho	Priv. Construction	86	15,076	645	773	4.3	5.1
82	Idaho	Priv. Manufacturing	370	66,746	13,616	13,905	20.4	20.8
33	Illinois	Total	7,880	5,015,298	1,045,189	1,144,892	20.8	22.8
33	Illinois	Private	6,687	4,262,299	711,526	765,004	16.7	17.9
33	Illinois	Public	1,193	752,999	333,663	379,889	44.3	50.5
33	Illinois	Priv. Construction	331	214,336	107,212	109,855	50.0	51.3
33	Illinois	Priv. Manufacturing	1,714	1,097,490	283,132	298,804	25.8	27.2
32	Indiana	Total	2,317	2,475,860	519,659	560,323	21.0	22.6
32	Indiana	Private	1,986	2,146,755	441,574	457,666	20.6	21.3
32	Indiana	Public	331	329,104	78,085	102,657	23.7	31.2
32	Indiana	Priv. Construction	100	107,576	38,372	40,327	35.7	37.5
32	Indiana	Priv. Manufacturing	682	700,917	288,662	291,919	41.2	41.6
42	Iowa	Total	2,318	1,198,498	181,828	227,852	15.2	19.0
42	Iowa	Private	1,865	962,963	114,564	133,490	11.9	13.9
42	Iowa	Public	453	235,535	67,264	94,362	28.6	40.1
42	Iowa	Priv. Construction	72	37,028	8,385	8,936	22.6	24.1
42	Iowa	Priv. Manufacturing	468	244,865	76,817	86,945	31.4	35.5
47	Kansas	Total	2,301	1,038,392	127,128	151,136	12.2	14.6
47	Kansas	Private	1,865	841,897	87,573	98,910	10.4	11.7
47	Kansas	Public	436	196,495	39,555	52,226	20.1	26.6
47	Kansas	Priv. Construction	82	39,073	7,117	7,618	18.2	19.5
47	Kansas	Priv. Manufacturing	441	198,801	43,872	49,334	22.1	24.8
61	Kentucky	Total	1,956	1,423,292	210,231	234,951	14.8	16.5
61	Kentucky	Private	1,641	1,195,577	158,751	169,886	13.3	14.2
61	Kentucky	Public	315	227,715	51,480	65,065	22.6	28.6
61	Kentucky	Priv. Construction	110	80,289	19,107	19,107	23.8	23.8
61	Kentucky	Priv. Manufacturing	405	295,973	86,893	91,486	29.4	30.9
72	Louisiana	Total	1,647	1,523,234	122,946	158,479	8.1	10.4
72	Louisiana	Private	1,321	1,218,188	73,522	87,269	6.0	7.2
72	Louisiana	Public	326	305,045	49,424	71,209	16.2	23.3
72	Louisiana	Priv. Construction	122	117,130	12,328	14,075	10.5	12.0
72	Louisiana	Priv. Manufacturing	175	161,937	31,129	33,836	19.2	20.9
11	Maine	Total	1,981	506,462	76,786	86,893	15.2	17.2
11	Maine	Private	1,641	419,903	35,715	39,583	8.5	9.4
11	Maine	Public	340	86,559	41,071	47,310	47.4	54.7
11	Maine	Priv. Construction	119	30,998	1,532	1,532	4.9	4.9
11	Maine	Priv. Manufacturing	411	105,143	20,689	21,953	19.7	20.9
52	Maryland	Total	2,076	2,230,894	357,601	417,142	16.0	18.7
52	Maryland	Private	1,556	1,662,608	172,951	191,814	10.4	11.5
52	Maryland	Public	520	568,286	184,649	225,328	32.5	39.7
52	Maryland	Priv. Construction	144	165,738	28,424	29,259	17.1	17.7
52	Maryland	Priv. Manufacturing	234	240,776	46,397	49,771	19.3	20.7
14	Massachusetts	Total	7,739	2,725,349	477,662	513,095	17.5	18.8
14	Massachusetts	Private	6,641	2,341,224	249,568	270,398	10.7	11.5
14	Massachusetts	Public	1,098	384,126	228,094	242,697	59.4	63.2
14	Massachusetts	Priv. Construction	329	115,574	28,000	28,383	24.2	24.6
14	Massachusetts	Priv. Manufacturing	1,682	594,708	95,114	100,980	16.0	17.0
34	Michigan	Total	7,588	3,896,321	1,012,804	1,082,041	26.0	27.8
34	Michigan	Private	6,415	3,301,743	667,577	707,436	20.2	21.4
34	Michigan	Public	1,173	594,578	345,227	374,605	58.1	63.0
34	Michigan	Priv. Construction	276	144,332	41,681	44,301	28.9	30.7
34	Michigan	Priv. Manufacturing	2,084	1,079,175	415,529	435,518	38.5	40.4
41	Minnesota	Total	2,164	1,943,512	386,138	416,058	19.9	21.4
41	Minnesota	Private	1,825	1,645,836	235,680	251,485	14.3	15.3
41	Minnesota	Public	339	297,675	150,458	164,573	50.5	55.3
41	Minnesota	Priv. Construction	89	81,620	35,909	36,839	44.0	45.1
41	Minnesota	Priv. Manufacturing	405	366,808	75,326	78,707	20.5	21.5
64	Mississippi	Total	2,138	938,097	73,557	86,621	7.8	9.2
64	Mississippi	Private	1,717	759,249	52,823	58,864	7.0	7.8
64	Mississippi	Public	421	178,848	20,734	27,757	11.6	15.5
64	Mississippi	Priv. Construction	92	40,319	3,654	3,654	9.1	9.1
64	Mississippi	Priv. Manufacturing	524	232,679	30,975	34,384	13.3	14.8
43	Missouri	Total	2,068	2,188,511	338,486	384,795	15.5	17.6
43	Missouri	Private	1,756	1,867,608	261,544	277,154	14.0	14.8
43	Missouri	Public	312	320,903	76,942	107,641	24.0	33.5
43	Missouri	Priv. Construction	87	95,137	33,802	35,181	35.5	37.0
43	Missouri	Priv. Manufacturing	413	433,665	109,230	118,937	25.2	27.4
81	Montana	Total	2,142	295,456	52,467	59,832	17.8	20.3
81	Montana	Private	1,590	219,279	26,981	29,020	12.3	13.2
81	Montana	Public	552	76,176	25,486	30,811	33.5	40.4
81	Montana	Priv. Construction	77	10,610	3,596	3,596	33.9	33.9
81	Montana	Priv. Manufacturing	156	22,014	6,016	6,016	27.3	27.3
46	Nebraska	Total	2,250	651,375	77,873	107,216	12.0	16.5
46	Nebraska	Private	1,859	537,990	40,494	57,491	7.5	10.7
46	Nebraska	Public	391	113,384	37,379	49,725	33.0	43.9
46	Nebraska	Priv. Construction	73	21,279	3,455	3,455	16.2	16.2
46	Nebraska	Priv. Manufacturing	344	99,755	18,647	25,962	18.7	26.0
88	Nevada	Total	2,050	515,954	93,786	107,216	18.2	20.8
88	Nevada	Private	1,772	448,212	66,656	74,415	14.9	16.6
88	Nevada	Public	278	67,742	27,129	32,801	40.0	48.4
88	Nevada	Priv. Construction	147	37,253	8,313	8,313	22.3	22.3
88	Nevada	Priv. Manufacturing	139	35,414	2,608	2,798	7.4	7.9
12	New Hampshire	Total	1,783	508,894	58,890	67,628	11.6	13.3
12	New Hampshire	Private	1,550	444,713	31,996	36,171	7.2	8.1
12	New Hampshire	Public	233	64,181	26,895	31,456	41.9	49.0
12	New Hampshire	Priv. Construction	101	29,771	3,756	3,756	12.6	12.6
12	New Hampshire	Priv. Manufacturing	505	144,168	13,052	14,376	9.1	10.0
22	New Jersey	Total	7,719	3,443,473	796,567	860,654	23.1	25.0
22	New Jersey	Private	6,482	2,896,781	489,716	520,847	16.9	18.0
22	New Jersey	Public	1,237	546,692	306,851	339,807	56.1	62.2
22	New Jersey	Priv. Construction	348	156,084	54,537	56,966	34.9	36.5
22	New Jersey	Priv. Manufacturing	1,548	698,337	159,134	168,171	22.8	24.1
85	New Mexico	Total	1,975	547,982	42,662	51,310	7.8	9.4
85	New Mexico	Private	1,467	408,222	29,333	31,643	7.2	7.8
85	New Mexico	Public	508	139,760	13,329	19,667	9.5	14.1
85	New Mexico	Priv. Construction	89	25,154	2,746	2,746	10.9	10.9
85	New Mexico	Priv. Manufacturing	192	53,519	3,050	3,318	5.7	6.2
21	New York	Total	9,595	7,322,009	2,041,608	2,185,309	27.9	29.8
21	New York	Private	7,735	5,916,731	1,113,136	1,195,520	18.8	20.2
21	New York	Public	1,860	1,405,279	928,472	989,788	66.1	70.4
21	New York	Priv. Construction	453	357,139	142,213	142,718	39.8	40.0
21	New York	Priv. Manufacturing	1,634	1,219,973	311,615	322,055	25.5	26.4
56	North Carolina	Total	8,314	2,979,744	164,155	202,327	5.5	6.8
56	North Carolina	Private	6,983	2,508,073	94,862	112,828	3.8	4.5
56	North Carolina	Public	1,331	471,670	69,293	89,500	14.7	19.0
56	North Carolina	Priv. Construction	465	168,301	1,504	1,909	0.9	1.1
56	North Carolina	Priv. Manufacturing	2,486	892,576	57,684	67,019	6.5	7.5
44	North Dakota	Total	2,337	248,833	27,805	35,868	11.2	14.4
44	North Dakota	Private	1,755	187,454	11,662	14,782	6.2	7.9
44	North Dakota	Public	582	61,379	16,143	21,086	26.3	34.4
44	North Dakota	Priv. Construction	111	12,053	2,470	2,554	20.5	21.2
44	North Dakota	Priv. Manufacturing	137	14,456	2,935	3,311	20.3	22.9
31	Ohio	Total	8,285	4,641,439	987,117	1,066,268	21.3	23.0
31	Ohio	Private	7,048	3,953,006	690,099	723,085	17.5	18.3
31	Ohio	Public	1,237	688,433	297,018	343,184	43.1	49.8
31	Ohio	Priv. Construction	329	186,157	55,988	58,323	30.1	31.3
31	Ohio	Priv. Manufacturing	2,145	1,204,589	416,777	430,163	34.6	35.7
73	Oklahoma	Total	1,997	1,221,100	122,958	148,172	10.1	12.1
73	Oklahoma	Private	1,567	965,051	68,916	73,869	7.1	7.7
73	Oklahoma	Public	430	256,048	54,042	74,303	21.1	29.0
73	Oklahoma	Priv. Construction	65	40,948	3,380	4,117	8.3	10.1
73	Oklahoma	Priv. Manufacturing	328	198,226	37,681	39,137	19.0	19.7
92	Oregon	Total	1,840	1,150,619	248,028	281,801	21.6	24.5
92	Oregon	Private	1,511	946,228	150,086	164,694	15.9	17.4
92	Oregon	Public	329	204,391	97,942	117,107	47.9	57.3
92	Oregon	Priv. Construction	65	42,110	12,683	13,418	30.1	31.9
92	Oregon	Priv. Manufacturing	369	229,370	52,834	55,195	23.0	24.1
23	Pennsylvania	Total	7,964	5,085,429	1,062,548	1,188,156	20.9	23.4
23	Pennsylvania	Private	6,907	4,408,080	721,522	793,850	16.4	18.0
23	Pennsylvania	Public	1,057	677,348	341,026	394,306	50.3	58.2
23	Pennsylvania	Priv. Construction	423	273,819	65,924	71,029	24.1	25.9
23	Pennsylvania	Priv. Manufacturing	1,816	1,157,798	355,308	375,559	30.7	32.4
15	Rhode Island	Total	1,859	457,303	85,317	88,881	18.7	19.4
15	Rhode Island	Private	1,603	395,391	43,103	46,437	10.9	11.7
15	Rhode Island	Public	256	61,911	42,213	42,445	68.2	68.6
15	Rhode Island	Priv. Construction	68	17,023	4,595	5,091	27.0	29.9
15	Rhode Island	Priv. Manufacturing	474	117,325	16,169	16,649	13.8	14.2
57	South Carolina	Total	2,575	1,446,473	56,359	78,188	3.9	5.4
57	South Carolina	Private	2,133	1,198,964	38,410	46,720	3.2	3.9
57	South Carolina	Public	442	247,509	17,949	31,468	7.3	12.7
57	South Carolina	Priv. Construction	154	88,269	2,267	2,816	2.6	3.2
57	South Carolina	Priv. Manufacturing	763	432,146	24,541	29,446	5.7	6.8
45	South Dakota	Total	2,469	269,088	21,784	33,864	8.1	12.6
45	South Dakota	Private	1,928	209,847	8,051	12,522	3.8	6.0
45	South Dakota	Public	541	59,241	13,733	21,343	23.2	36.0
45	South Dakota	Priv. Construction	83	9,479	237	237	2.5	2.5
45	South Dakota	Priv. Manufacturing	286	31,507	2,600	4,215	8.3	13.4
62	Tennessee	Total	2,186	2,019,638	236,090	288,464	11.7	14.3
62	Tennessee	Private	1,868	1,727,253	179,803	206,416	10.4	12.0
62	Tennessee	Public	318	292,385	56,287	82,048	19.3	28.1
62	Tennessee	Priv. Construction	113	105,687	14,364	17,718	13.6	16.8
62	Tennessee	Priv. Manufacturing	612	562,273	97,696	111,100	17.4	19.8
74	Texas	Total	8,610	6,825,507	468,255	626,816	6.9	9.2
74	Texas	Private	7,039	5,611,601	269,978	345,280	4.8	6.2
74	Texas	Public	1,571	1,213,906	198,278	281,536	16.3	23.2
74	Texas	Priv. Construction	476	382,633	27,929	31,062	7.3	8.1
74	Texas	Priv. Manufacturing	1,343	1,092,633	99,893	131,087	9.1	12.0
87	Utah	Total	2,115	651,939	70,936	91,502	10.9	14.0
87	Utah	Private	1,648	509,354	31,644	39,258	6.2	7.7
87	Utah	Public	467	142,585	39,292	52,244	27.6	36.6
87	Utah	Priv. Construction	68	21,618	3,263	3,263	15.1	15.1
87	Utah	Priv. Manufacturing	355	110,692	7,671	9,873	6.9	8.9
13	Vermont	Total	1,694	244,585	29,084	37,266	11.9	15.2
13	Vermont	Private	1,408	204,396	12,452	16,059	6.1	7.9
13	Vermont	Public	286	40,189	16,632	21,207	41.4	52.8
13	Vermont	Priv. Construction	124	18,312	531	803	2.9	4.4
13	Vermont	Priv. Manufacturing	354	51,571	7,028	7,877	13.6	15.3
54	Virginia	Total	2,947	2,719,929	246,988	305,625	9.1	11.2
54	Virginia	Private	2,291	2,116,864	147,391	169,489	7.0	8.0
54	Virginia	Public	656	603,065	99,597	136,136	16.5	22.6
54	Virginia	Priv. Construction	180	165,674	15,633	19,747	9.4	11.9
54	Virginia	Priv. Manufacturing	464	427,479	54,847	60,074	12.8	14.1
91	Washington	Total	2,131	1,955,418	450,726	518,568	23.1	26.5
91	Washington	Private	1,706	1,569,441	278,777	320,254	17.8	20.4
91	Washington	Public	425	385,977	171,949	198,315	44.5	51.4
91	Washington	Priv. Construction	90	82,726	19,191	21,500	23.2	26.0
91	Washington	Priv. Manufacturing	392	362,994	124,157	138,252	34.2	38.1
55	West Virginia	Total	1,889	638,359	124,756	135,500	19.5	21.2
55	West Virginia	Private	1,547	523,738	96,589	100,111	18.4	19.1
55	West Virginia	Public	342	114,622	28,167	35,388	24.6	30.9
55	West Virginia	Priv. Construction	105	36,790	4,703	4,703	12.8	12.8
55	West Virginia	Priv. Manufacturing	343	114,729	45,209	45,945	39.4	40.0
35	Wisconsin	Total	2,786	2,182,721	455,601	484,064	20.9	22.2
35	Wisconsin	Private	2,333	1,830,082	289,792	300,890	15.8	16.4
35	Wisconsin	Public	453	352,639	165,810	183,174	47.0	51.9
35	Wisconsin	Priv. Construction	126	101,068	35,925	37,442	35.5	37.0
35	Wisconsin	Priv. Manufacturing	731	578,514	167,438	169,095	28.9	29.2
83	Wyoming	Total	1,493	175,383	22,457	28,331	12.8	16.2
83	Wyoming	Private	1,087	128,069	12,198	14,784	9.5	11.5
83	Wyoming	Public	406	47,314	10,259	13,547	21.7	28.6
83	Wyoming	Priv. Construction	70	8,389	1,256	1,369	15.0	16.3
83	Wyoming	Priv. Manufacturing	70	8,009	952	1,288	11.9	16.1
Data Sources: Current Population Survey (CPS) Outgoing Rotation Group (ORG) Earnings Files, 1989. Sample includes
employed wage and salary workers, ages 16 and over. Variable definitions are: State Code=Census state code  used
in CPS, Obs=CPS sample size, Employment=wage and salary employment, Members=employed workers who are union
members, Covered=workers covered by a collective bargaining agreement, %Mem=percent of employed workers who
are union members, and %Cov=percent of employed workers who are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
© 2002 by Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson.  The use of data requires citation.