Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by State, 1990 (details in table note)
State
Code	State	Sector	Obs	Employment	Members	Covered	%Mem	%Cov
63	Alabama	Total	2,130	1,586,252	194,571	229,965	12.3	14.5
63	Alabama	Private	1,731	1,294,294	135,157	146,698	10.4	11.3
63	Alabama	Public	399	291,958	59,414	83,267	20.4	28.5
63	Alabama	Priv. Construction	116	84,486	9,414	10,894	11.1	12.9
63	Alabama	Priv. Manufacturing	558	417,461	92,099	98,661	22.1	23.6
94	Alaska	Total	2,611	202,787	46,879	52,587	23.1	25.9
94	Alaska	Private	1,816	140,475	19,684	22,009	14.0	15.7
94	Alaska	Public	795	62,312	27,196	30,578	43.6	49.1
94	Alaska	Priv. Construction	119	9,181	3,137	3,285	34.2	35.8
94	Alaska	Priv. Manufacturing	107	9,028	2,808	3,249	31.1	36.0
86	Arizona	Total	1,856	1,424,040	111,552	135,466	7.8	9.5
86	Arizona	Private	1,526	1,170,491	56,846	66,799	4.9	5.7
86	Arizona	Public	330	253,549	54,706	68,667	21.6	27.1
86	Arizona	Priv. Construction	96	76,149	8,992	8,992	11.8	11.8
86	Arizona	Priv. Manufacturing	265	201,148	8,437	9,142	4.2	4.5
71	Arkansas	Total	2,117	883,638	91,384	107,572	10.3	12.2
71	Arkansas	Private	1,731	723,271	62,837	74,027	8.7	10.2
71	Arkansas	Public	386	160,367	28,547	33,544	17.8	20.9
71	Arkansas	Priv. Construction	86	36,905	2,613	3,658	7.1	9.9
71	Arkansas	Priv. Manufacturing	491	205,104	34,760	40,620	16.9	19.8
93	California	Total	14,786	12,068,500	2,219,378	2,569,059	18.4	21.3
93	California	Private	12,456	10,128,541	1,313,681	1,463,185	13.0	14.4
93	California	Public	2,330	1,939,959	905,697	1,105,874	46.7	57.0
93	California	Priv. Construction	805	683,389	170,910	179,306	25.0	26.2
93	California	Priv. Manufacturing	2,823	2,254,286	354,785	398,459	15.7	17.7
84	Colorado	Total	2,108	1,465,828	153,647	176,590	10.5	12.0
84	Colorado	Private	1,695	1,179,419	86,084	95,285	7.3	8.1
84	Colorado	Public	413	286,410	67,564	81,305	23.6	28.4
84	Colorado	Priv. Construction	91	65,517	7,840	7,840	12.0	12.0
84	Colorado	Priv. Manufacturing	297	206,348	17,073	17,880	8.3	8.7
16	Connecticut	Total	1,988	1,534,536	272,042	303,301	17.7	19.8
16	Connecticut	Private	1,738	1,339,188	156,270	176,483	11.7	13.2
16	Connecticut	Public	250	195,348	115,772	126,819	59.3	64.9
16	Connecticut	Priv. Construction	87	68,438	11,149	14,036	16.3	20.5
16	Connecticut	Priv. Manufacturing	486	369,877	65,519	70,301	17.7	19.0
51	Delaware	Total	1,901	313,908	46,799	52,717	14.9	16.8
51	Delaware	Private	1,632	269,004	30,372	33,465	11.3	12.4
51	Delaware	Public	269	44,904	16,428	19,251	36.6	42.9
51	Delaware	Priv. Construction	119	19,194	3,643	3,643	19.0	19.0
51	Delaware	Priv. Manufacturing	420	70,534	16,273	17,459	23.1	24.8
53	D.C.	Total	1,748	257,724	41,449	50,699	16.1	19.7
53	D.C.	Private	1,152	170,043	19,797	23,209	11.6	13.6
53	D.C.	Public	596	87,680	21,652	27,490	24.7	31.4
53	D.C.	Priv. Construction	54	9,039	2,665	2,987	29.5	33.0
53	D.C.	Priv. Manufacturing	57	8,473	1,501	1,501	17.7	17.7
59	Florida	Total	8,336	5,178,285	416,929	545,653	8.1	10.5
59	Florida	Private	6,922	4,306,705	183,311	226,978	4.3	5.3
59	Florida	Public	1,414	871,580	233,618	318,675	26.8	36.6
59	Florida	Priv. Construction	477	297,900	15,540	16,902	5.2	5.7
59	Florida	Priv. Manufacturing	976	618,087	50,120	61,064	8.1	9.9
58	Georgia	Total	2,084	2,727,133	186,878	230,665	6.9	8.5
58	Georgia	Private	1,718	2,250,410	127,496	146,880	5.7	6.5
58	Georgia	Public	366	476,723	59,382	83,785	12.5	17.6
58	Georgia	Priv. Construction	90	111,076	9,749	9,749	8.8	8.8
58	Georgia	Priv. Manufacturing	438	577,748	49,382	52,748	8.5	9.1
95	Hawaii	Total	1,836	448,964	130,769	141,359	29.1	31.5
95	Hawaii	Private	1,427	347,901	74,524	81,882	21.4	23.5
95	Hawaii	Public	409	101,063	56,246	59,477	55.7	58.9
95	Hawaii	Priv. Construction	133	31,528	15,357	16,419	48.7	52.1
95	Hawaii	Priv. Manufacturing	99	23,935	9,684	9,684	40.5	40.5
82	Idaho	Total	2,252	392,263	36,952	43,020	9.4	11.0
82	Idaho	Private	1,826	317,985	23,323	25,110	7.3	7.9
82	Idaho	Public	426	74,278	13,629	17,910	18.3	24.1
82	Idaho	Priv. Construction	117	20,613	1,685	1,685	8.2	8.2
82	Idaho	Priv. Manufacturing	397	70,196	12,607	13,368	18.0	19.0
33	Illinois	Total	7,917	5,080,391	1,059,128	1,155,588	20.8	22.7
33	Illinois	Private	6,702	4,307,137	711,610	763,681	16.5	17.7
33	Illinois	Public	1,215	773,254	347,517	391,907	44.9	50.7
33	Illinois	Priv. Construction	324	209,102	95,188	99,094	45.5	47.4
33	Illinois	Priv. Manufacturing	1,637	1,059,644	295,246	308,781	27.9	29.1
32	Indiana	Total	2,232	2,415,905	479,979	516,188	19.9	21.4
32	Indiana	Private	1,917	2,096,303	389,374	405,593	18.6	19.3
32	Indiana	Public	315	319,602	90,605	110,596	28.3	34.6
32	Indiana	Priv. Construction	107	123,735	36,993	37,748	29.9	30.5
32	Indiana	Priv. Manufacturing	637	644,340	240,776	243,982	37.4	37.9
42	Iowa	Total	2,347	1,185,467	183,627	238,578	15.5	20.1
42	Iowa	Private	1,870	944,797	109,439	127,391	11.6	13.5
42	Iowa	Public	477	240,670	74,188	111,187	30.8	46.2
42	Iowa	Priv. Construction	90	45,369	9,228	10,170	20.3	22.4
42	Iowa	Priv. Manufacturing	472	239,495	69,435	78,338	29.0	32.7
47	Kansas	Total	2,373	1,052,818	119,017	154,551	11.3	14.7
47	Kansas	Private	1,893	839,421	78,621	91,975	9.4	11.0
47	Kansas	Public	480	213,397	40,396	62,575	18.9	29.3
47	Kansas	Priv. Construction	90	39,798	7,685	7,685	19.3	19.3
47	Kansas	Priv. Manufacturing	443	197,486	38,749	47,526	19.6	24.1
61	Kentucky	Total	1,954	1,445,217	206,368	223,606	14.3	15.5
61	Kentucky	Private	1,595	1,182,653	147,579	152,865	12.5	12.9
61	Kentucky	Public	359	262,564	58,789	70,742	22.4	26.9
61	Kentucky	Priv. Construction	77	56,745	13,593	13,593	24.0	24.0
61	Kentucky	Priv. Manufacturing	365	269,713	72,761	74,690	27.0	27.7
72	Louisiana	Total	1,641	1,502,400	116,071	141,438	7.7	9.4
72	Louisiana	Private	1,323	1,213,547	69,813	81,392	5.8	6.7
72	Louisiana	Public	318	288,853	46,258	60,046	16.0	20.8
72	Louisiana	Priv. Construction	100	95,595	13,779	13,779	14.4	14.4
72	Louisiana	Priv. Manufacturing	184	171,745	28,467	31,820	16.6	18.5
11	Maine	Total	1,898	506,123	88,493	107,457	17.5	21.2
11	Maine	Private	1,551	413,196	39,904	48,421	9.7	11.7
11	Maine	Public	347	92,928	48,589	59,035	52.3	63.5
11	Maine	Priv. Construction	109	29,269	1,944	1,944	6.6	6.6
11	Maine	Priv. Manufacturing	383	101,861	25,127	27,502	24.7	27.0
52	Maryland	Total	2,066	2,201,567	319,904	374,163	14.5	17.0
52	Maryland	Private	1,537	1,634,640	171,640	185,054	10.5	11.3
52	Maryland	Public	529	566,927	148,264	189,109	26.2	33.4
52	Maryland	Priv. Construction	132	147,547	17,260	18,910	11.7	12.8
52	Maryland	Priv. Manufacturing	233	241,215	47,407	49,483	19.7	20.5
14	Massachusetts	Total	7,549	2,679,710	471,719	505,122	17.6	18.8
14	Massachusetts	Private	6,467	2,301,027	246,845	267,084	10.7	11.6
14	Massachusetts	Public	1,082	378,683	224,874	238,038	59.4	62.9
14	Massachusetts	Priv. Construction	309	110,711	23,317	24,317	21.1	22.0
14	Massachusetts	Priv. Manufacturing	1,534	541,406	87,323	90,261	16.1	16.7
34	Michigan	Total	7,796	3,834,908	974,033	1,038,768	25.4	27.1
34	Michigan	Private	6,577	3,244,083	653,757	693,287	20.2	21.4
34	Michigan	Public	1,219	590,825	320,276	345,481	54.2	58.5
34	Michigan	Priv. Construction	254	125,807	37,270	40,664	29.6	32.3
34	Michigan	Priv. Manufacturing	2,094	1,042,189	371,301	383,495	35.6	36.8
41	Minnesota	Total	2,168	1,950,746	395,747	429,654	20.3	22.0
41	Minnesota	Private	1,814	1,635,141	229,070	248,350	14.0	15.2
41	Minnesota	Public	354	315,605	166,677	181,304	52.8	57.4
41	Minnesota	Priv. Construction	90	83,708	36,687	36,687	43.8	43.8
41	Minnesota	Priv. Manufacturing	401	362,674	75,914	81,115	20.9	22.4
64	Mississippi	Total	2,266	960,668	75,653	91,986	7.9	9.6
64	Mississippi	Private	1,828	779,505	58,850	65,919	7.5	8.5
64	Mississippi	Public	438	181,163	16,802	26,067	9.3	14.4
64	Mississippi	Priv. Construction	94	41,096	3,415	3,957	8.3	9.6
64	Mississippi	Priv. Manufacturing	536	229,243	34,025	37,103	14.8	16.2
43	Missouri	Total	2,037	2,184,546	299,193	342,811	13.7	15.7
43	Missouri	Private	1,759	1,896,779	248,215	275,196	13.1	14.5
43	Missouri	Public	278	287,767	50,978	67,615	17.7	23.5
43	Missouri	Priv. Construction	81	91,390	36,487	38,075	39.9	41.7
43	Missouri	Priv. Manufacturing	442	464,677	92,637	99,499	19.9	21.4
81	Montana	Total	2,213	301,469	54,534	61,746	18.1	20.5
81	Montana	Private	1,660	224,773	27,887	30,634	12.4	13.6
81	Montana	Public	553	76,697	26,647	31,112	34.7	40.6
81	Montana	Priv. Construction	87	11,920	3,187	3,464	26.7	29.1
81	Montana	Priv. Manufacturing	172	23,048	6,484	6,612	28.1	28.7
46	Nebraska	Total	2,434	678,377	74,703	104,124	11.0	15.3
46	Nebraska	Private	1,958	546,305	39,195	53,679	7.2	9.8
46	Nebraska	Public	476	132,071	35,508	50,445	26.9	38.2
46	Nebraska	Priv. Construction	90	25,638	2,773	3,306	10.8	12.9
46	Nebraska	Priv. Manufacturing	395	111,605	19,713	24,899	17.7	22.3
88	Nevada	Total	2,172	527,754	85,878	96,877	16.3	18.4
88	Nevada	Private	1,874	458,111	60,564	66,204	13.2	14.5
88	Nevada	Public	298	69,643	25,314	30,673	36.3	44.0
88	Nevada	Priv. Construction	155	37,301	8,964	9,246	24.0	24.8
88	Nevada	Priv. Manufacturing	116	28,666	3,304	3,304	11.5	11.5
12	New Hampshire	Total	1,748	517,627	59,557	67,426	11.5	13.0
12	New Hampshire	Private	1,509	448,567	29,668	32,897	6.6	7.3
12	New Hampshire	Public	239	69,060	29,890	34,529	43.3	50.0
12	New Hampshire	Priv. Construction	90	26,569	3,700	3,996	13.9	15.0
12	New Hampshire	Priv. Manufacturing	474	142,123	12,340	14,031	8.7	9.9
22	New Jersey	Total	7,926	3,427,242	827,155	902,849	24.1	26.3
22	New Jersey	Private	6,636	2,872,986	496,407	549,047	17.3	19.1
22	New Jersey	Public	1,290	554,256	330,748	353,802	59.7	63.8
22	New Jersey	Priv. Construction	364	158,635	66,255	66,667	41.8	42.0
22	New Jersey	Priv. Manufacturing	1,529	662,373	164,922	176,267	24.9	26.6
85	New Mexico	Total	1,934	546,230	38,363	52,162	7.0	9.5
85	New Mexico	Private	1,400	397,520	26,553	29,698	6.7	7.5
85	New Mexico	Public	534	148,709	11,810	22,464	7.9	15.1
85	New Mexico	Priv. Construction	105	29,215	3,098	3,430	10.6	11.7
85	New Mexico	Priv. Manufacturing	160	45,906	5,255	5,491	11.4	12.0
21	New York	Total	12,985	7,390,091	2,083,688	2,270,194	28.2	30.7
21	New York	Private	10,422	5,944,819	1,080,033	1,201,397	18.2	20.2
21	New York	Public	2,563	1,445,272	1,003,655	1,068,797	69.4	74.0
21	New York	Priv. Construction	563	329,103	115,346	125,364	35.0	38.1
21	New York	Priv. Manufacturing	2,102	1,193,065	301,481	327,828	25.3	27.5
56	North Carolina	Total	8,145	2,896,033	150,608	187,244	5.2	6.5
56	North Carolina	Private	6,887	2,451,434	93,336	110,691	3.8	4.5
56	North Carolina	Public	1,258	444,599	57,272	76,554	12.9	17.2
56	North Carolina	Priv. Construction	448	161,823	1,772	2,883	1.1	1.8
56	North Carolina	Priv. Manufacturing	2,473	879,263	48,070	52,200	5.5	5.9
44	North Dakota	Total	2,297	246,870	29,592	37,755	12.0	15.3
44	North Dakota	Private	1,719	185,322	13,777	16,458	7.4	8.9
44	North Dakota	Public	578	61,547	15,815	21,297	25.7	34.6
44	North Dakota	Priv. Construction	84	9,217	1,494	1,581	16.2	17.2
44	North Dakota	Priv. Manufacturing	180	19,702	4,134	4,249	21.0	21.6
31	Ohio	Total	8,334	4,618,168	968,506	1,076,743	21.0	23.3
31	Ohio	Private	7,097	3,937,225	692,998	739,173	17.6	18.8
31	Ohio	Public	1,237	680,942	275,508	337,570	40.5	49.6
31	Ohio	Priv. Construction	339	194,795	55,655	59,192	28.6	30.4
31	Ohio	Priv. Manufacturing	2,130	1,183,288	397,969	413,232	33.6	34.9
73	Oklahoma	Total	2,047	1,228,155	130,345	158,719	10.6	12.9
73	Oklahoma	Private	1,589	954,179	67,328	73,626	7.1	7.7
73	Oklahoma	Public	458	273,976	63,017	85,092	23.0	31.1
73	Oklahoma	Priv. Construction	77	45,323	4,734	5,300	10.4	11.7
73	Oklahoma	Priv. Manufacturing	350	212,076	32,133	32,499	15.2	15.3
92	Oregon	Total	1,874	1,166,034	237,336	273,352	20.4	23.4
92	Oregon	Private	1,555	969,631	130,589	145,041	13.5	15.0
92	Oregon	Public	319	196,403	106,747	128,311	54.4	65.3
92	Oregon	Priv. Construction	72	46,042	13,687	14,208	29.7	30.9
92	Oregon	Priv. Manufacturing	363	229,594	55,395	58,862	24.1	25.6
23	Pennsylvania	Total	7,978	5,014,845	1,022,997	1,136,939	20.4	22.7
23	Pennsylvania	Private	6,887	4,334,640	676,514	745,195	15.6	17.2
23	Pennsylvania	Public	1,091	680,205	346,483	391,744	50.9	57.6
23	Pennsylvania	Priv. Construction	430	277,357	70,972	75,695	25.6	27.3
23	Pennsylvania	Priv. Manufacturing	1,769	1,113,826	316,212	333,827	28.4	30.0
15	Rhode Island	Total	1,766	431,268	78,601	84,584	18.2	19.6
15	Rhode Island	Private	1,509	369,049	39,743	43,995	10.8	11.9
15	Rhode Island	Public	257	62,219	38,857	40,589	62.5	65.2
15	Rhode Island	Priv. Construction	82	20,534	4,114	5,389	20.0	26.2
15	Rhode Island	Priv. Manufacturing	426	102,505	13,959	14,469	13.6	14.1
57	South Carolina	Total	2,661	1,468,624	67,316	89,477	4.6	6.1
57	South Carolina	Private	2,221	1,227,172	45,044	55,062	3.7	4.5
57	South Carolina	Public	440	241,452	22,271	34,415	9.2	14.3
57	South Carolina	Priv. Construction	171	95,241	4,193	4,870	4.4	5.1
57	South Carolina	Priv. Manufacturing	749	418,524	27,131	32,088	6.5	7.7
45	South Dakota	Total	2,464	266,110	22,336	30,197	8.4	11.3
45	South Dakota	Private	1,941	209,307	9,643	12,228	4.6	5.8
45	South Dakota	Public	523	56,802	12,692	17,969	22.3	31.6
45	South Dakota	Priv. Construction	89	9,713	422	422	4.3	4.3
45	South Dakota	Priv. Manufacturing	300	32,565	3,375	4,476	10.4	13.7
62	Tennessee	Total	2,182	2,008,456	235,546	283,153	11.7	14.1
62	Tennessee	Private	1,846	1,700,251	166,914	187,083	9.8	11.0
62	Tennessee	Public	336	308,205	68,632	96,070	22.3	31.2
62	Tennessee	Priv. Construction	94	87,384	9,272	9,272	10.6	10.6
62	Tennessee	Priv. Manufacturing	637	586,690	104,089	118,807	17.7	20.3
74	Texas	Total	8,524	6,982,150	446,850	589,826	6.4	8.4
74	Texas	Private	7,019	5,777,715	273,439	348,390	4.7	6.0
74	Texas	Public	1,505	1,204,435	173,411	241,436	14.4	20.0
74	Texas	Priv. Construction	481	397,630	23,335	27,344	5.9	6.9
74	Texas	Priv. Manufacturing	1,392	1,171,767	109,984	137,039	9.4	11.7
87	Utah	Total	2,119	655,706	61,482	85,296	9.4	13.0
87	Utah	Private	1,676	519,362	27,585	37,848	5.3	7.3
87	Utah	Public	443	136,344	33,897	47,448	24.9	34.8
87	Utah	Priv. Construction	81	25,710	3,912	4,835	15.2	18.8
87	Utah	Priv. Manufacturing	364	113,671	5,436	6,307	4.8	5.5
13	Vermont	Total	1,583	237,137	29,940	35,933	12.6	15.2
13	Vermont	Private	1,331	200,093	13,041	15,016	6.5	7.5
13	Vermont	Public	252	37,044	16,899	20,917	45.6	56.5
13	Vermont	Priv. Construction	101	15,506	1,430	1,628	9.2	10.5
13	Vermont	Priv. Manufacturing	278	42,046	6,717	6,983	16.0	16.6
54	Virginia	Total	3,017	2,744,304	230,434	298,603	8.4	10.9
54	Virginia	Private	2,311	2,106,331	132,786	157,686	6.3	7.5
54	Virginia	Public	706	637,973	97,648	140,916	15.3	22.1
54	Virginia	Priv. Construction	171	159,470	9,778	11,571	6.1	7.3
54	Virginia	Priv. Manufacturing	467	424,345	57,402	64,579	13.5	15.2
91	Washington	Total	2,273	2,046,142	466,410	530,980	22.8	26.0
91	Washington	Private	1,850	1,667,035	282,119	317,662	16.9	19.1
91	Washington	Public	423	379,107	184,292	213,318	48.6	56.3
91	Washington	Priv. Construction	122	111,114	26,684	26,684	24.0	24.0
91	Washington	Priv. Manufacturing	398	359,936	111,466	125,370	31.0	34.8
55	West Virginia	Total	1,892	630,354	121,799	137,981	19.3	21.9
55	West Virginia	Private	1,545	515,035	96,068	102,855	18.7	20.0
55	West Virginia	Public	347	115,319	25,732	35,125	22.3	30.5
55	West Virginia	Priv. Construction	108	37,290	10,429	11,126	28.0	29.8
55	West Virginia	Priv. Manufacturing	297	98,911	40,298	42,566	40.7	43.0
35	Wisconsin	Total	2,871	2,194,771	451,171	474,042	20.6	21.6
35	Wisconsin	Private	2,399	1,836,932	276,948	290,827	15.1	15.8
35	Wisconsin	Public	472	357,839	174,223	183,216	48.7	51.2
35	Wisconsin	Priv. Construction	113	86,299	31,251	32,516	36.2	37.7
35	Wisconsin	Priv. Manufacturing	692	536,236	154,990	158,778	28.9	29.6
83	Wyoming	Total	1,594	196,520	26,503	33,076	13.5	16.8
83	Wyoming	Private	1,153	142,737	12,522	15,791	8.8	11.1
83	Wyoming	Public	441	53,783	13,981	17,285	26.0	32.1
83	Wyoming	Priv. Construction	80	9,958	1,104	1,104	11.1	11.1
83	Wyoming	Priv. Manufacturing	76	8,924	872	1,565	9.8	17.5
Data Sources: Current Population Survey (CPS) Outgoing Rotation Group (ORG) Earnings Files, 1990. Sample includes
employed wage and salary workers, ages 16 and over. Variable definitions are: State Code=Census state code  used
in CPS, Obs=CPS sample size, Employment=wage and salary employment, Members=employed workers who are union
members, Covered=workers covered by a collective bargaining agreement, %Mem=percent of employed workers who
are union members, and %Cov=percent of employed workers who are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
© 2002 by Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson.  The use of data requires citation.