Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by State, 1998 (details in table note)
State
Code	State	Sector	Obs	Employment	Members	Covered	%Mem	%Cov
63	Alabama	Total	2,052	1,854,408	180,204	218,353	9.7	11.8
63	Alabama	Private	1,703	1,543,010	95,699	115,018	6.2	7.5
63	Alabama	Public	349	311,398	84,505	103,335	27.1	33.2
63	Alabama	Priv. Construction	115	102,436	8,035	9,781	7.8	9.5
63	Alabama	Priv. Manufacturing	426	385,746	53,258	58,034	13.8	15.0
94	Alaska	Total	1,782	252,922	51,483	57,833	20.4	22.9
94	Alaska	Private	1,255	181,053	18,893	21,652	10.4	12.0
94	Alaska	Public	527	71,869	32,590	36,181	45.3	50.3
94	Alaska	Priv. Construction	108	15,623	5,456	5,598	34.9	35.8
94	Alaska	Priv. Manufacturing	66	9,578	258	414	2.7	4.3
86	Arizona	Total	2,257	1,897,618	123,238	146,230	6.5	7.7
86	Arizona	Private	1,910	1,613,520	69,391	82,026	4.3	5.1
86	Arizona	Public	347	284,098	53,848	64,204	19.0	22.6
86	Arizona	Priv. Construction	158	138,279	14,321	15,153	10.4	11.0
86	Arizona	Priv. Manufacturing	285	243,192	10,307	13,755	4.2	5.7
71	Arkansas	Total	1,943	992,676	61,123	72,105	6.2	7.3
71	Arkansas	Private	1,617	826,697	37,278	42,527	4.5	5.1
71	Arkansas	Public	326	165,979	23,845	29,578	14.4	17.8
71	Arkansas	Priv. Construction	78	41,803	2,656	2,656	6.4	6.4
71	Arkansas	Priv. Manufacturing	412	208,127	19,364	22,516	9.3	10.8
93	California	Total	12,514	13,337,858	2,154,037	2,407,621	16.1	18.1
93	California	Private	10,528	11,220,926	1,094,797	1,192,603	9.8	10.6
93	California	Public	1,986	2,116,931	1,059,240	1,215,019	50.0	57.4
93	California	Priv. Construction	573	640,650	126,324	127,119	19.7	19.8
93	California	Priv. Manufacturing	2,011	2,085,015	191,045	209,735	9.2	10.1
84	Colorado	Total	2,501	1,886,728	171,446	189,412	9.1	10.0
84	Colorado	Private	2,106	1,587,806	99,451	106,924	6.3	6.7
84	Colorado	Public	395	298,922	71,994	82,488	24.1	27.6
84	Colorado	Priv. Construction	160	121,869	7,905	7,905	6.5	6.5
84	Colorado	Priv. Manufacturing	312	233,266	19,999	19,999	8.6	8.6
16	Connecticut	Total	1,737	1,501,390	262,638	271,922	17.5	18.1
16	Connecticut	Private	1,519	1,316,776	143,227	148,584	10.9	11.3
16	Connecticut	Public	218	184,614	119,411	123,337	64.7	66.8
16	Connecticut	Priv. Construction	73	65,759	12,979	12,979	19.7	19.7
16	Connecticut	Priv. Manufacturing	358	309,814	51,199	52,765	16.5	17.0
51	Delaware	Total	1,737	340,337	46,308	50,184	13.6	14.7
51	Delaware	Private	1,487	291,697	26,452	28,875	9.1	9.9
51	Delaware	Public	250	48,640	19,856	21,309	40.8	43.8
51	Delaware	Priv. Construction	85	16,512	3,156	3,331	19.1	20.2
51	Delaware	Priv. Manufacturing	233	44,904	8,990	9,373	20.0	20.9
53	D.C.	Total	1,452	222,969	30,138	34,032	13.5	15.3
53	D.C.	Private	1,040	160,469	13,443	15,474	8.4	9.6
53	D.C.	Public	412	62,500	16,695	18,559	26.7	29.7
53	D.C.	Priv. Construction	36	6,113	696	851	11.4	13.9
53	D.C.	Priv. Manufacturing	40	6,056	1,143	1,254	18.9	20.7
59	Florida	Total	6,968	6,074,021	407,810	538,366	6.7	8.9
59	Florida	Private	5,952	5,208,081	164,797	219,785	3.2	4.2
59	Florida	Public	1,016	865,941	243,013	318,581	28.1	36.8
59	Florida	Priv. Construction	474	422,487	17,547	21,894	4.2	5.2
59	Florida	Priv. Manufacturing	626	551,096	29,784	42,466	5.4	7.7
58	Georgia	Total	2,859	3,453,272	256,810	289,005	7.4	8.4
58	Georgia	Private	2,375	2,883,633	132,401	147,038	4.6	5.1
58	Georgia	Public	484	569,639	124,409	141,967	21.8	24.9
58	Georgia	Priv. Construction	141	178,479	7,500	8,542	4.2	4.8
58	Georgia	Priv. Manufacturing	572	694,863	49,799	54,135	7.2	7.8
95	Hawaii	Total	1,514	491,842	130,174	136,442	26.5	27.7
95	Hawaii	Private	1,199	390,411	75,670	78,331	19.4	20.1
95	Hawaii	Public	315	101,431	54,504	58,112	53.7	57.3
95	Hawaii	Priv. Construction	78	25,095	11,021	11,399	43.9	45.4
95	Hawaii	Priv. Manufacturing	53	16,872	4,424	4,787	26.2	28.4
82	Idaho	Total	2,368	537,393	42,118	55,593	7.8	10.3
82	Idaho	Private	1,894	433,754	24,383	29,534	5.6	6.8
82	Idaho	Public	474	103,640	17,735	26,059	17.1	25.1
82	Idaho	Priv. Construction	153	33,326	3,738	3,978	11.2	11.9
82	Idaho	Priv. Manufacturing	425	96,578	9,855	11,489	10.2	11.9
33	Illinois	Total	6,820	5,328,144	1,004,366	1,064,218	18.9	20.0
33	Illinois	Private	5,929	4,621,139	671,245	705,476	14.5	15.3
33	Illinois	Public	891	707,005	333,121	358,742	47.1	50.7
33	Illinois	Priv. Construction	303	238,989	106,038	107,607	44.4	45.0
33	Illinois	Priv. Manufacturing	1,328	1,055,904	229,783	234,907	21.8	22.2
32	Indiana	Total	2,248	2,657,566	431,298	471,580	16.2	17.7
32	Indiana	Private	1,985	2,346,672	341,801	359,357	14.6	15.3
32	Indiana	Public	263	310,894	89,497	112,223	28.8	36.1
32	Indiana	Priv. Construction	113	134,634	49,742	49,742	36.9	36.9
32	Indiana	Priv. Manufacturing	614	722,172	185,743	190,216	25.7	26.3
42	Iowa	Total	2,242	1,333,263	166,407	197,048	12.5	14.8
42	Iowa	Private	1,897	1,132,198	104,475	112,673	9.2	10.0
42	Iowa	Public	345	201,065	61,932	84,375	30.8	42.0
42	Iowa	Priv. Construction	107	64,068	13,164	14,358	20.5	22.4
42	Iowa	Priv. Manufacturing	422	249,489	50,818	53,256	20.4	21.3
47	Kansas	Total	2,208	1,178,428	92,699	113,990	7.9	9.7
47	Kansas	Private	1,777	955,206	61,709	70,087	6.5	7.3
47	Kansas	Public	431	223,222	30,990	43,903	13.9	19.7
47	Kansas	Priv. Construction	103	56,939	6,574	7,102	11.5	12.5
47	Kansas	Priv. Manufacturing	389	209,799	35,789	39,693	17.1	18.9
61	Kentucky	Total	2,032	1,674,676	218,898	248,132	13.1	14.8
61	Kentucky	Private	1,713	1,419,007	152,248	159,434	10.7	11.2
61	Kentucky	Public	319	255,669	66,650	88,698	26.1	34.7
61	Kentucky	Priv. Construction	124	103,942	18,684	19,544	18.0	18.8
61	Kentucky	Priv. Manufacturing	376	309,092	63,192	65,493	20.4	21.2
72	Louisiana	Total	1,946	1,721,551	134,496	172,098	7.8	10.0
72	Louisiana	Private	1,582	1,399,581	79,677	93,862	5.7	6.7
72	Louisiana	Public	364	321,970	54,818	78,236	17.0	24.3
72	Louisiana	Priv. Construction	103	93,734	8,286	8,286	8.8	8.8
72	Louisiana	Priv. Manufacturing	223	202,070	45,982	50,042	22.8	24.8
11	Maine	Total	1,683	525,758	66,129	75,117	12.6	14.3
11	Maine	Private	1,437	451,183	34,254	35,795	7.6	7.9
11	Maine	Public	246	74,575	31,875	39,322	42.7	52.7
11	Maine	Priv. Construction	74	23,274	1,022	1,294	4.4	5.6
11	Maine	Priv. Manufacturing	319	98,910	23,954	24,198	24.2	24.5
52	Maryland	Total	1,860	2,349,678	331,256	378,948	14.1	16.1
52	Maryland	Private	1,388	1,748,710	144,580	153,916	8.3	8.8
52	Maryland	Public	472	600,967	186,675	225,031	31.1	37.4
52	Maryland	Priv. Construction	111	143,049	24,282	24,282	17.0	17.0
52	Maryland	Priv. Manufacturing	146	184,236	31,867	34,199	17.3	18.6
14	Massachusetts	Total	3,987	2,844,092	453,091	493,691	15.9	17.4
14	Massachusetts	Private	3,479	2,488,019	246,174	272,951	9.9	11.0
14	Massachusetts	Public	508	356,073	206,917	220,739	58.1	62.0
14	Massachusetts	Priv. Construction	158	115,339	32,152	33,473	27.9	29.0
14	Massachusetts	Priv. Manufacturing	685	493,903	69,005	73,580	14.0	14.9
34	Michigan	Total	5,841	4,409,384	953,790	995,765	21.6	22.6
34	Michigan	Private	5,096	3,846,671	643,439	673,420	16.7	17.5
34	Michigan	Public	745	562,712	310,351	322,345	55.2	57.3
34	Michigan	Priv. Construction	254	196,977	60,383	62,422	30.7	31.7
34	Michigan	Priv. Manufacturing	1,497	1,147,089	368,799	375,094	32.2	32.7
41	Minnesota	Total	2,532	2,242,169	421,627	443,327	18.8	19.8
41	Minnesota	Private	2,129	1,891,172	219,682	227,781	11.6	12.0
41	Minnesota	Public	403	350,997	201,945	215,547	57.5	61.4
41	Minnesota	Priv. Construction	103	89,381	29,066	29,066	32.5	32.5
41	Minnesota	Priv. Manufacturing	454	397,702	56,280	57,189	14.2	14.4
64	Mississippi	Total	1,777	1,084,540	61,234	105,571	5.6	9.7
64	Mississippi	Private	1,442	881,117	42,089	62,088	4.8	7.0
64	Mississippi	Public	335	203,424	19,145	43,483	9.4	21.4
64	Mississippi	Priv. Construction	98	61,942	5,361	8,614	8.7	13.9
64	Mississippi	Priv. Manufacturing	362	222,533	18,971	24,658	8.5	11.1
43	Missouri	Total	1,963	2,448,884	335,979	369,465	13.7	15.1
43	Missouri	Private	1,653	2,069,496	248,209	258,304	12.0	12.5
43	Missouri	Public	310	379,388	87,769	111,161	23.1	29.3
43	Missouri	Priv. Construction	96	120,911	49,130	49,130	40.6	40.6
43	Missouri	Priv. Manufacturing	310	389,674	71,827	75,625	18.4	19.4
81	Montana	Total	2,112	350,490	48,754	53,455	13.9	15.3
81	Montana	Private	1,632	272,436	22,236	24,001	8.2	8.8
81	Montana	Public	480	78,053	26,518	29,454	34.0	37.7
81	Montana	Priv. Construction	96	16,553	2,698	2,877	16.3	17.4
81	Montana	Priv. Manufacturing	162	27,226	4,472	4,623	16.4	17.0
46	Nebraska	Total	2,229	750,709	77,248	103,951	10.3	13.8
46	Nebraska	Private	1,861	627,706	38,022	54,624	6.1	8.7
46	Nebraska	Public	368	123,003	39,226	49,328	31.9	40.1
46	Nebraska	Priv. Construction	90	30,716	3,888	3,888	12.7	12.7
46	Nebraska	Priv. Manufacturing	282	96,593	14,783	22,949	15.3	23.8
88	Nevada	Total	2,098	788,418	133,793	148,784	17.0	18.9
88	Nevada	Private	1,819	689,144	96,940	106,571	14.1	15.5
88	Nevada	Public	279	99,274	36,853	42,213	37.1	42.5
88	Nevada	Priv. Construction	161	61,899	15,702	16,392	25.4	26.5
88	Nevada	Priv. Manufacturing	113	43,142	1,193	1,810	2.8	4.2
12	New Hampshire	Total	1,754	558,952	61,676	70,538	11.0	12.6
12	New Hampshire	Private	1,494	476,829	26,715	28,154	5.6	5.9
12	New Hampshire	Public	260	82,123	34,961	42,383	42.6	51.6
12	New Hampshire	Priv. Construction	71	23,374	4,780	4,780	20.4	20.4
12	New Hampshire	Priv. Manufacturing	393	125,684	9,468	10,361	7.5	8.2
22	New Jersey	Total	4,876	3,597,134	792,879	851,004	22.0	23.7
22	New Jersey	Private	4,152	3,070,093	469,287	508,466	15.3	16.6
22	New Jersey	Public	724	527,041	323,592	342,537	61.4	65.0
22	New Jersey	Priv. Construction	193	144,046	48,771	50,187	33.9	34.8
22	New Jersey	Priv. Manufacturing	720	534,232	112,831	120,258	21.1	22.5
85	New Mexico	Total	2,074	673,601	63,216	78,544	9.4	11.7
85	New Mexico	Private	1,575	513,723	33,901	37,215	6.6	7.2
85	New Mexico	Public	499	159,878	29,315	41,329	18.3	25.9
85	New Mexico	Priv. Construction	116	39,448	4,730	4,730	12.0	12.0
85	New Mexico	Priv. Manufacturing	140	45,791	2,755	3,924	6.0	8.6
21	New York	Total	9,571	7,482,151	1,899,836	1,994,784	25.4	26.7
21	New York	Private	7,759	6,079,126	933,552	998,782	15.4	16.4
21	New York	Public	1,812	1,403,025	966,284	996,002	68.9	71.0
21	New York	Priv. Construction	349	282,559	83,958	90,890	29.7	32.2
21	New York	Priv. Manufacturing	1,207	936,659	182,236	193,319	19.5	20.6
56	North Carolina	Total	4,246	3,326,111	139,838	173,067	4.2	5.2
56	North Carolina	Private	3,591	2,820,035	78,948	93,417	2.8	3.3
56	North Carolina	Public	655	506,075	60,890	79,650	12.0	15.7
56	North Carolina	Priv. Construction	231	187,528	725	725	0.4	0.4
56	North Carolina	Priv. Manufacturing	1,021	799,705	23,350	26,506	2.9	3.3
44	North Dakota	Total	2,094	281,118	25,469	26,941	9.1	9.6
44	North Dakota	Private	1,667	225,154	12,463	12,738	5.5	5.7
44	North Dakota	Public	427	55,964	13,006	14,202	23.2	25.4
44	North Dakota	Priv. Construction	98	13,360	1,314	1,314	9.8	9.8
44	North Dakota	Priv. Manufacturing	176	23,671	3,060	3,060	12.9	12.9
31	Ohio	Total	6,070	4,902,474	931,996	991,750	19.0	20.2
31	Ohio	Private	5,242	4,236,667	615,837	650,040	14.5	15.3
31	Ohio	Public	828	665,807	316,160	341,711	47.5	51.3
31	Ohio	Priv. Construction	251	206,514	49,660	50,389	24.0	24.4
31	Ohio	Priv. Manufacturing	1,331	1,110,572	299,006	308,720	26.9	27.8
73	Oklahoma	Total	2,304	1,353,730	116,582	132,770	8.6	9.8
73	Oklahoma	Private	1,874	1,103,596	65,491	72,323	5.9	6.6
73	Oklahoma	Public	430	250,134	51,090	60,446	20.4	24.2
73	Oklahoma	Priv. Construction	110	65,557	8,910	8,910	13.6	13.6
73	Oklahoma	Priv. Manufacturing	333	197,591	32,211	34,785	16.3	17.6
92	Oregon	Total	1,931	1,435,991	231,872	247,962	16.1	17.3
92	Oregon	Private	1,615	1,207,285	110,805	121,991	9.2	10.1
92	Oregon	Public	316	228,706	121,067	125,970	52.9	55.1
92	Oregon	Priv. Construction	111	84,567	14,622	15,306	17.3	18.1
92	Oregon	Priv. Manufacturing	341	257,995	31,367	32,967	12.2	12.8
23	Pennsylvania	Total	6,576	5,060,371	827,295	896,018	16.3	17.7
23	Pennsylvania	Private	5,760	4,433,622	508,862	547,900	11.5	12.4
23	Pennsylvania	Public	816	626,749	318,432	348,118	50.8	55.5
23	Pennsylvania	Priv. Construction	273	219,161	58,557	60,277	26.7	27.5
23	Pennsylvania	Priv. Manufacturing	1,253	978,591	195,674	201,275	20.0	20.6
15	Rhode Island	Total	1,633	426,825	81,144	83,623	19.0	19.6
15	Rhode Island	Private	1,410	369,059	41,173	42,680	11.2	11.6
15	Rhode Island	Public	223	57,766	39,971	40,943	69.2	70.9
15	Rhode Island	Priv. Construction	60	16,186	4,821	4,821	29.8	29.8
15	Rhode Island	Priv. Manufacturing	356	93,742	10,086	10,657	10.8	11.4
57	South Carolina	Total	1,827	1,716,873	78,092	87,684	4.5	5.1
57	South Carolina	Private	1,504	1,419,636	47,017	50,561	3.3	3.6
57	South Carolina	Public	323	297,237	31,075	37,122	10.5	12.5
57	South Carolina	Priv. Construction	98	93,368	2,221	2,221	2.4	2.4
57	South Carolina	Priv. Manufacturing	437	417,028	25,718	27,466	6.2	6.6
45	South Dakota	Total	2,147	324,189	20,780	26,024	6.4	8.0
45	South Dakota	Private	1,725	258,199	8,864	10,593	3.4	4.1
45	South Dakota	Public	422	65,990	11,916	15,431	18.1	23.4
45	South Dakota	Priv. Construction	90	13,496	490	490	3.6	3.6
45	South Dakota	Priv. Manufacturing	304	46,143	3,460	4,302	7.5	9.3
62	Tennessee	Total	1,988	2,325,319	183,259	220,247	7.9	9.5
62	Tennessee	Private	1,687	1,975,527	109,103	134,454	5.5	6.8
62	Tennessee	Public	301	349,793	74,156	85,793	21.2	24.5
62	Tennessee	Priv. Construction	92	108,313	10,012	10,012	9.2	9.2
62	Tennessee	Priv. Manufacturing	428	489,175	56,473	60,678	11.5	12.4
74	Texas	Total	7,658	8,580,706	503,137	603,368	5.9	7.0
74	Texas	Private	6,441	7,250,862	261,177	303,774	3.6	4.2
74	Texas	Public	1,217	1,329,844	241,960	299,594	18.2	22.5
74	Texas	Priv. Construction	484	558,072	17,260	19,719	3.1	3.5
74	Texas	Priv. Manufacturing	1,106	1,250,253	93,915	104,198	7.5	8.3
87	Utah	Total	2,349	912,204	61,576	78,331	6.8	8.6
87	Utah	Private	1,922	751,267	28,992	35,279	3.9	4.7
87	Utah	Public	427	160,937	32,584	43,052	20.2	26.8
87	Utah	Priv. Construction	146	59,647	4,856	5,346	8.1	9.0
87	Utah	Priv. Manufacturing	315	122,050	6,710	7,005	5.5	5.7
13	Vermont	Total	1,623	267,911	25,266	29,371	9.4	11.0
13	Vermont	Private	1,407	232,195	11,765	13,985	5.1	6.0
13	Vermont	Public	216	35,716	13,501	15,386	37.8	43.1
13	Vermont	Priv. Construction	75	12,643	381	381	3.0	3.0
13	Vermont	Priv. Manufacturing	269	44,190	2,563	3,347	5.8	7.6
54	Virginia	Total	2,530	3,055,236	208,716	232,887	6.8	7.6
54	Virginia	Private	2,048	2,484,056	131,249	139,969	5.3	5.6
54	Virginia	Public	482	571,180	77,466	92,918	13.6	16.3
54	Virginia	Priv. Construction	131	158,382	6,162	6,162	3.9	3.9
54	Virginia	Priv. Manufacturing	334	403,443	39,809	44,214	9.9	11.0
91	Washington	Total	2,154	2,537,027	537,263	584,753	21.2	23.0
91	Washington	Private	1,778	2,095,521	331,845	355,668	15.8	17.0
91	Washington	Public	376	441,506	205,418	229,086	46.5	51.9
91	Washington	Priv. Construction	123	145,286	39,680	40,861	27.3	28.1
91	Washington	Priv. Manufacturing	370	435,975	111,643	123,503	25.6	28.3
55	West Virginia	Total	1,754	663,238	83,277	91,632	12.6	13.8
55	West Virginia	Private	1,390	528,023	58,536	60,421	11.1	11.4
55	West Virginia	Public	364	135,215	24,741	31,211	18.3	23.1
55	West Virginia	Priv. Construction	74	28,600	6,645	6,645	23.2	23.2
55	West Virginia	Priv. Manufacturing	221	84,321	21,740	21,740	25.8	25.8
35	Wisconsin	Total	2,516	2,513,021	469,953	491,697	18.7	19.6
35	Wisconsin	Private	2,142	2,146,310	266,952	274,030	12.4	12.8
35	Wisconsin	Public	374	366,711	203,001	217,667	55.4	59.4
35	Wisconsin	Priv. Construction	111	113,966	38,939	38,939	34.2	34.2
35	Wisconsin	Priv. Manufacturing	621	619,672	139,588	142,518	22.5	23.0
83	Wyoming	Total	2,053	204,547	19,698	23,098	9.6	11.3
83	Wyoming	Private	1,542	154,848	10,897	12,478	7.0	8.1
83	Wyoming	Public	511	49,700	8,800	10,621	17.7	21.4
83	Wyoming	Priv. Construction	113	11,639	830	932	7.1	8.0
83	Wyoming	Priv. Manufacturing	114	11,413	1,655	1,951	14.5	17.1
Data Sources: Current Population Survey (CPS) Outgoing Rotation Group (ORG) Earnings Files, 1998. Sample includes
employed wage and salary workers, ages 16 and over. Variable definitions are: State Code=Census state code  used
in CPS, Obs=CPS sample size, Employment=wage and salary employment, Members=employed workers who are union
members, Covered=workers covered by a collective bargaining agreement, %Mem=percent of employed workers who
are union members, and %Cov=percent of employed workers who are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
© 2002 by Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson.  The use of data requires citation.