Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by State, 1999 (details in table note)
State
Code	State	Sector	Obs	Employment	Members	Covered	%Mem	%Cov
63	Alabama	Total	2,092	1,832,763	201,017	224,910	11.0	12.3
63	Alabama	Private	1,755	1,533,547	107,481	116,024	7.0	7.6
63	Alabama	Public	337	299,215	93,536	108,886	31.3	36.4
63	Alabama	Priv. Construction	128	114,554	10,504	11,297	9.2	9.9
63	Alabama	Priv. Manufacturing	455	399,882	65,973	69,713	16.5	17.4
94	Alaska	Total	1,861	250,540	51,025	59,181	20.4	23.6
94	Alaska	Private	1,281	173,773	20,491	24,268	11.8	14.0
94	Alaska	Public	580	76,767	30,534	34,912	39.8	45.5
94	Alaska	Priv. Construction	106	14,424	4,919	4,919	34.1	34.1
94	Alaska	Priv. Manufacturing	60	8,188	887	1,104	10.8	13.5
86	Arizona	Total	2,437	2,047,172	137,321	168,098	6.7	8.2
86	Arizona	Private	2,050	1,727,331	75,893	93,239	4.4	5.4
86	Arizona	Public	387	319,841	61,428	74,859	19.2	23.4
86	Arizona	Priv. Construction	175	147,007	10,809	10,809	7.4	7.4
86	Arizona	Priv. Manufacturing	292	244,925	7,501	9,261	3.1	3.8
71	Arkansas	Total	1,995	1,058,120	78,847	90,573	7.5	8.6
71	Arkansas	Private	1,646	873,848	45,499	53,695	5.2	6.1
71	Arkansas	Public	349	184,272	33,348	36,878	18.1	20.0
71	Arkansas	Priv. Construction	105	55,501	5,224	5,224	9.4	9.4
71	Arkansas	Priv. Manufacturing	390	206,122	21,012	25,881	10.2	12.6
93	California	Total	12,773	13,811,450	2,286,037	2,526,548	16.6	18.3
93	California	Private	10,780	11,623,770	1,182,624	1,282,508	10.2	11.0
93	California	Public	1,993	2,187,681	1,103,413	1,244,040	50.4	56.9
93	California	Priv. Construction	644	723,046	183,650	184,431	25.4	25.5
93	California	Priv. Manufacturing	1,971	2,064,470	176,045	198,033	8.5	9.6
84	Colorado	Total	2,591	1,927,010	180,610	199,464	9.4	10.4
84	Colorado	Private	2,142	1,596,588	88,339	95,520	5.5	6.0
84	Colorado	Public	449	330,422	92,271	103,945	27.9	31.5
84	Colorado	Priv. Construction	149	114,328	10,433	10,433	9.1	9.1
84	Colorado	Priv. Manufacturing	332	247,970	16,403	18,650	6.6	7.5
16	Connecticut	Total	1,691	1,454,636	264,377	278,921	18.2	19.2
16	Connecticut	Private	1,436	1,239,026	123,520	131,889	10.0	10.6
16	Connecticut	Public	255	215,610	140,857	147,033	65.3	68.2
16	Connecticut	Priv. Construction	63	57,023	9,236	10,100	16.2	17.7
16	Connecticut	Priv. Manufacturing	336	290,014	43,822	44,703	15.1	15.4
51	Delaware	Total	1,715	338,675	46,805	52,658	13.8	15.5
51	Delaware	Private	1,460	289,258	29,557	32,551	10.2	11.3
51	Delaware	Public	255	49,417	17,248	20,107	34.9	40.7
51	Delaware	Priv. Construction	98	19,498	2,754	3,131	14.1	16.1
51	Delaware	Priv. Manufacturing	257	50,735	11,564	12,163	22.8	24.0
53	D.C.	Total	1,579	244,888	32,122	37,794	13.1	15.4
53	D.C.	Private	1,134	177,769	15,720	17,986	8.8	10.1
53	D.C.	Public	445	67,119	16,402	19,809	24.4	29.5
53	D.C.	Priv. Construction	47	7,962	1,803	1,803	22.7	22.7
53	D.C.	Priv. Manufacturing	53	7,795	1,722	1,899	22.1	24.4
59	Florida	Total	7,204	6,262,809	409,807	543,388	6.5	8.7
59	Florida	Private	6,150	5,363,460	180,971	232,336	3.4	4.3
59	Florida	Public	1,054	899,349	228,836	311,052	25.4	34.6
59	Florida	Priv. Construction	492	433,527	19,080	23,880	4.4	5.5
59	Florida	Priv. Manufacturing	633	549,264	20,560	27,011	3.7	4.9
58	Georgia	Total	2,743	3,483,475	252,591	312,960	7.3	9.0
58	Georgia	Private	2,312	2,944,263	168,217	201,540	5.7	6.8
58	Georgia	Public	431	539,212	84,375	111,420	15.6	20.7
58	Georgia	Priv. Construction	128	166,681	11,662	14,307	7.0	8.6
58	Georgia	Priv. Manufacturing	492	616,600	64,260	75,426	10.4	12.2
95	Hawaii	Total	1,523	494,361	114,482	123,643	23.2	25.0
95	Hawaii	Private	1,177	382,755	53,234	58,010	13.9	15.2
95	Hawaii	Public	346	111,605	61,248	65,633	54.9	58.8
95	Hawaii	Priv. Construction	68	22,669	8,193	8,829	36.1	38.9
95	Hawaii	Priv. Manufacturing	59	18,167	4,510	4,510	24.8	24.8
82	Idaho	Total	2,296	527,066	48,389	59,363	9.2	11.3
82	Idaho	Private	1,859	432,893	26,955	33,235	6.2	7.7
82	Idaho	Public	437	94,173	21,434	26,128	22.8	27.7
82	Idaho	Priv. Construction	145	33,559	4,981	4,981	14.8	14.8
82	Idaho	Priv. Manufacturing	399	91,715	9,640	12,084	10.5	13.2
33	Illinois	Total	7,034	5,513,503	993,279	1,053,732	18.0	19.1
33	Illinois	Private	6,091	4,774,372	664,141	704,365	13.9	14.8
33	Illinois	Public	943	739,131	329,138	349,367	44.5	47.3
33	Illinois	Priv. Construction	318	254,497	126,626	128,221	49.8	50.4
33	Illinois	Priv. Manufacturing	1,221	973,963	211,377	218,990	21.7	22.5
32	Indiana	Total	2,231	2,704,404	424,068	453,868	15.7	16.8
32	Indiana	Private	1,940	2,353,767	327,715	337,661	13.9	14.3
32	Indiana	Public	291	350,638	96,353	116,208	27.5	33.1
32	Indiana	Priv. Construction	108	134,357	47,923	49,278	35.7	36.7
32	Indiana	Priv. Manufacturing	608	729,506	188,150	191,902	25.8	26.3
42	Iowa	Total	2,189	1,334,413	184,419	208,840	13.8	15.7
42	Iowa	Private	1,830	1,119,380	111,520	118,149	10.0	10.6
42	Iowa	Public	359	215,033	72,899	90,691	33.9	42.2
42	Iowa	Priv. Construction	97	63,337	9,113	9,113	14.4	14.4
42	Iowa	Priv. Manufacturing	414	252,641	65,210	66,326	25.8	26.3
47	Kansas	Total	2,212	1,224,447	119,175	140,644	9.7	11.5
47	Kansas	Private	1,828	1,015,223	91,233	102,218	9.0	10.1
47	Kansas	Public	384	209,224	27,942	38,426	13.4	18.4
47	Kansas	Priv. Construction	97	54,495	10,488	10,967	19.2	20.1
47	Kansas	Priv. Manufacturing	381	211,231	49,985	55,184	23.7	26.1
61	Kentucky	Total	2,058	1,655,904	192,074	213,396	11.6	12.9
61	Kentucky	Private	1,719	1,392,038	140,357	147,968	10.1	10.6
61	Kentucky	Public	339	263,866	51,718	65,428	19.6	24.8
61	Kentucky	Priv. Construction	128	107,887	18,776	18,776	17.4	17.4
61	Kentucky	Priv. Manufacturing	354	289,511	60,262	60,262	20.8	20.8
72	Louisiana	Total	2,039	1,794,900	144,946	179,504	8.1	10.0
72	Louisiana	Private	1,661	1,468,762	90,934	103,672	6.2	7.1
72	Louisiana	Public	378	326,137	54,012	75,832	16.6	23.3
72	Louisiana	Priv. Construction	115	101,431	16,241	16,241	16.0	16.0
72	Louisiana	Priv. Manufacturing	234	210,331	45,193	45,746	21.5	21.7
11	Maine	Total	1,722	544,115	83,961	93,080	15.4	17.1
11	Maine	Private	1,446	457,192	41,792	43,654	9.1	9.5
11	Maine	Public	276	86,923	42,169	49,426	48.5	56.9
11	Maine	Priv. Construction	81	26,588	2,937	3,278	11.0	12.3
11	Maine	Priv. Manufacturing	314	100,784	27,638	27,638	27.4	27.4
52	Maryland	Total	1,918	2,444,147	366,584	438,152	15.0	17.9
52	Maryland	Private	1,430	1,817,739	160,291	177,325	8.8	9.8
52	Maryland	Public	488	626,408	206,293	260,827	32.9	41.6
52	Maryland	Priv. Construction	97	122,493	12,476	12,476	10.2	10.2
52	Maryland	Priv. Manufacturing	158	198,129	41,502	43,511	20.9	22.0
14	Massachusetts	Total	4,063	2,875,054	465,082	492,012	16.2	17.1
14	Massachusetts	Private	3,482	2,474,338	255,835	270,296	10.3	10.9
14	Massachusetts	Public	581	400,716	209,247	221,717	52.2	55.3
14	Massachusetts	Priv. Construction	164	120,737	33,685	35,689	27.9	29.6
14	Massachusetts	Priv. Manufacturing	633	447,618	65,128	67,363	14.5	15.0
34	Michigan	Total	5,900	4,490,035	963,238	1,009,352	21.5	22.5
34	Michigan	Private	5,149	3,923,239	666,451	699,249	17.0	17.8
34	Michigan	Public	751	566,796	296,786	310,103	52.4	54.7
34	Michigan	Priv. Construction	274	214,436	68,943	69,634	32.2	32.5
34	Michigan	Priv. Manufacturing	1,468	1,122,705	338,891	347,509	30.2	31.0
41	Minnesota	Total	2,548	2,301,752	443,899	471,161	19.3	20.5
41	Minnesota	Private	2,129	1,932,964	247,154	260,214	12.8	13.5
41	Minnesota	Public	419	368,788	196,744	210,947	53.3	57.2
41	Minnesota	Priv. Construction	121	110,106	42,002	42,002	38.1	38.1
41	Minnesota	Priv. Manufacturing	487	440,096	61,689	64,300	14.0	14.6
64	Mississippi	Total	1,728	1,085,999	67,188	93,523	6.2	8.6
64	Mississippi	Private	1,421	897,767	43,546	51,262	4.9	5.7
64	Mississippi	Public	307	188,232	23,642	42,260	12.6	22.5
64	Mississippi	Priv. Construction	98	61,496	6,622	6,622	10.8	10.8
64	Mississippi	Priv. Manufacturing	349	228,539	20,958	26,285	9.2	11.5
43	Missouri	Total	1,936	2,458,162	353,229	375,754	14.4	15.3
43	Missouri	Private	1,618	2,061,185	269,894	277,428	13.1	13.5
43	Missouri	Public	318	396,976	83,335	98,326	21.0	24.8
43	Missouri	Priv. Construction	117	147,012	49,844	49,844	33.9	33.9
43	Missouri	Priv. Manufacturing	295	368,282	71,256	73,601	19.3	20.0
81	Montana	Total	2,198	362,102	55,436	62,203	15.3	17.2
81	Montana	Private	1,706	281,636	27,755	31,157	9.9	11.1
81	Montana	Public	492	80,465	27,682	31,045	34.4	38.6
81	Montana	Priv. Construction	111	19,259	3,676	4,161	19.1	21.6
81	Montana	Priv. Manufacturing	183	28,917	5,148	5,148	17.8	17.8
46	Nebraska	Total	2,240	748,138	65,568	91,535	8.8	12.2
46	Nebraska	Private	1,859	623,074	29,499	43,086	4.7	6.9
46	Nebraska	Public	381	125,063	36,069	48,448	28.8	38.7
46	Nebraska	Priv. Construction	93	30,848	3,639	3,884	11.8	12.6
46	Nebraska	Priv. Manufacturing	319	107,507	11,434	17,811	10.6	16.6
88	Nevada	Total	2,297	823,272	160,838	172,248	19.5	20.9
88	Nevada	Private	1,971	710,636	113,439	119,601	16.0	16.8
88	Nevada	Public	326	112,636	47,399	52,647	42.1	46.7
88	Nevada	Priv. Construction	207	74,983	16,609	16,944	22.1	22.6
88	Nevada	Priv. Manufacturing	107	39,014	3,825	4,192	9.8	10.7
12	New Hampshire	Total	1,806	565,330	60,019	68,995	10.6	12.2
12	New Hampshire	Private	1,541	485,461	26,762	29,738	5.5	6.1
12	New Hampshire	Public	265	79,869	33,257	39,257	41.6	49.2
12	New Hampshire	Priv. Construction	88	29,010	4,035	4,665	13.9	16.1
12	New Hampshire	Priv. Manufacturing	335	105,168	7,168	8,082	6.8	7.7
22	New Jersey	Total	4,919	3,608,786	740,617	806,934	20.5	22.4
22	New Jersey	Private	4,140	3,049,892	407,903	450,970	13.4	14.8
22	New Jersey	Public	779	558,894	332,713	355,964	59.5	63.7
22	New Jersey	Priv. Construction	212	158,390	46,012	47,644	29.0	30.1
22	New Jersey	Priv. Manufacturing	697	507,280	80,188	88,478	15.8	17.4
85	New Mexico	Total	2,042	659,968	65,293	78,176	9.9	11.8
85	New Mexico	Private	1,527	497,162	33,004	35,369	6.6	7.1
85	New Mexico	Public	515	162,807	32,290	42,806	19.8	26.3
85	New Mexico	Priv. Construction	132	46,967	5,602	5,908	11.9	12.6
85	New Mexico	Priv. Manufacturing	121	38,577	3,172	3,172	8.2	8.2
21	New York	Total	9,370	7,490,445	1,896,907	1,986,387	25.3	26.5
21	New York	Private	7,605	6,102,086	922,508	981,913	15.1	16.1
21	New York	Public	1,765	1,388,359	974,399	1,004,475	70.2	72.3
21	New York	Priv. Construction	344	279,027	89,069	91,494	31.9	32.8
21	New York	Priv. Manufacturing	1,190	947,375	172,582	181,906	18.2	19.2
56	North Carolina	Total	4,217	3,359,146	108,864	131,920	3.2	3.9
56	North Carolina	Private	3,546	2,836,892	54,990	65,766	1.9	2.3
56	North Carolina	Public	671	522,253	53,875	66,154	10.3	12.7
56	North Carolina	Priv. Construction	239	195,846	1,895	1,895	1.0	1.0
56	North Carolina	Priv. Manufacturing	1,027	827,273	13,616	20,870	1.6	2.5
44	North Dakota	Total	2,048	267,652	24,792	27,012	9.3	10.1
44	North Dakota	Private	1,577	207,703	11,451	11,714	5.5	5.6
44	North Dakota	Public	471	59,949	13,340	15,298	22.3	25.5
44	North Dakota	Priv. Construction	98	13,248	1,121	1,121	8.5	8.5
44	North Dakota	Priv. Manufacturing	171	22,510	3,408	3,546	15.1	15.8
31	Ohio	Total	6,262	5,008,050	896,220	955,498	17.9	19.1
31	Ohio	Private	5,420	4,347,211	581,292	608,886	13.4	14.0
31	Ohio	Public	842	660,839	314,928	346,611	47.7	52.5
31	Ohio	Priv. Construction	274	226,338	57,781	59,690	25.5	26.4
31	Ohio	Priv. Manufacturing	1,317	1,082,480	304,452	311,739	28.1	28.8
73	Oklahoma	Total	2,299	1,403,407	123,565	139,963	8.8	10.0
73	Oklahoma	Private	1,820	1,118,040	58,627	62,450	5.2	5.6
73	Oklahoma	Public	479	285,367	64,938	77,513	22.8	27.2
73	Oklahoma	Priv. Construction	97	61,310	2,540	2,540	4.1	4.1
73	Oklahoma	Priv. Manufacturing	339	207,187	27,036	27,648	13.0	13.3
92	Oregon	Total	1,950	1,419,512	216,407	234,180	15.2	16.5
92	Oregon	Private	1,660	1,215,491	114,483	121,801	9.4	10.0
92	Oregon	Public	290	204,021	101,925	112,378	50.0	55.1
92	Oregon	Priv. Construction	93	69,000	10,612	11,482	15.4	16.6
92	Oregon	Priv. Manufacturing	348	256,471	31,246	32,842	12.2	12.8
23	Pennsylvania	Total	6,716	5,152,360	895,861	959,654	17.4	18.6
23	Pennsylvania	Private	5,864	4,493,181	534,045	569,588	11.9	12.7
23	Pennsylvania	Public	852	659,178	361,816	390,065	54.9	59.2
23	Pennsylvania	Priv. Construction	274	215,514	61,219	64,738	28.4	30.0
23	Pennsylvania	Priv. Manufacturing	1,207	934,544	198,220	206,038	21.2	22.0
15	Rhode Island	Total	1,743	433,328	76,810	81,489	17.7	18.8
15	Rhode Island	Private	1,498	372,569	37,676	40,436	10.1	10.9
15	Rhode Island	Public	245	60,760	39,134	41,053	64.4	67.6
15	Rhode Island	Priv. Construction	60	15,200	3,405	3,405	22.4	22.4
15	Rhode Island	Priv. Manufacturing	337	81,660	10,890	11,704	13.3	14.3
57	South Carolina	Total	1,730	1,716,174	60,862	64,927	3.5	3.8
57	South Carolina	Private	1,408	1,398,549	39,570	41,309	2.8	3.0
57	South Carolina	Public	322	317,624	21,292	23,617	6.7	7.4
57	South Carolina	Priv. Construction	95	96,803	956	956	1.0	1.0
57	South Carolina	Priv. Manufacturing	391	389,989	28,380	29,255	7.3	7.5
45	South Dakota	Total	2,165	331,594	19,899	25,915	6.0	7.8
45	South Dakota	Private	1,764	270,989	8,367	9,809	3.1	3.6
45	South Dakota	Public	401	60,605	11,532	16,106	19.0	26.6
45	South Dakota	Priv. Construction	100	15,994	933	1,076	5.8	6.7
45	South Dakota	Priv. Manufacturing	282	44,010	3,258	3,543	7.4	8.1
62	Tennessee	Total	2,160	2,411,317	181,173	212,816	7.5	8.8
62	Tennessee	Private	1,806	2,016,658	108,834	125,193	5.4	6.2
62	Tennessee	Public	354	394,659	72,339	87,624	18.3	22.2
62	Tennessee	Priv. Construction	110	122,438	10,235	10,235	8.4	8.4
62	Tennessee	Priv. Manufacturing	449	488,180	47,717	54,292	9.8	11.1
74	Texas	Total	7,915	8,725,002	519,838	610,927	6.0	7.0
74	Texas	Private	6,685	7,410,991	282,202	320,679	3.8	4.3
74	Texas	Public	1,230	1,314,011	237,635	290,248	18.1	22.1
74	Texas	Priv. Construction	487	547,758	26,940	32,337	4.9	5.9
74	Texas	Priv. Manufacturing	1,067	1,170,930	93,888	101,881	8.0	8.7
87	Utah	Total	2,442	935,395	60,069	70,070	6.4	7.5
87	Utah	Private	2,017	778,320	25,111	30,424	3.2	3.9
87	Utah	Public	425	157,074	34,958	39,646	22.3	25.2
87	Utah	Priv. Construction	149	59,054	4,150	4,946	7.0	8.4
87	Utah	Priv. Manufacturing	322	125,950	4,617	6,101	3.7	4.8
13	Vermont	Total	1,618	272,539	26,364	29,477	9.7	10.8
13	Vermont	Private	1,404	237,267	10,362	11,496	4.4	4.8
13	Vermont	Public	214	35,272	16,002	17,981	45.4	51.0
13	Vermont	Priv. Construction	82	14,284	357	357	2.5	2.5
13	Vermont	Priv. Manufacturing	278	47,368	2,610	2,891	5.5	6.1
54	Virginia	Total	2,594	3,106,759	203,713	249,189	6.6	8.0
54	Virginia	Private	2,093	2,518,850	126,956	148,279	5.0	5.9
54	Virginia	Public	501	587,910	76,757	100,911	13.1	17.2
54	Virginia	Priv. Construction	146	173,975	10,562	10,562	6.1	6.1
54	Virginia	Priv. Manufacturing	344	407,677	42,690	47,129	10.5	11.6
91	Washington	Total	2,156	2,584,664	534,811	609,546	20.7	23.6
91	Washington	Private	1,773	2,130,576	314,659	355,281	14.8	16.7
91	Washington	Public	383	454,088	220,151	254,265	48.5	56.0
91	Washington	Priv. Construction	128	157,362	43,314	43,314	27.5	27.5
91	Washington	Priv. Manufacturing	322	378,186	94,493	104,395	25.0	27.6
55	West Virginia	Total	1,887	702,106	106,535	113,346	15.2	16.1
55	West Virginia	Private	1,547	580,564	71,996	72,775	12.4	12.5
55	West Virginia	Public	340	121,542	34,539	40,572	28.4	33.4
55	West Virginia	Priv. Construction	98	37,175	11,853	11,853	31.9	31.9
55	West Virginia	Priv. Manufacturing	234	87,660	25,329	25,742	28.9	29.4
35	Wisconsin	Total	2,462	2,504,666	452,449	476,424	18.1	19.0
35	Wisconsin	Private	2,093	2,133,236	237,455	250,295	11.1	11.7
35	Wisconsin	Public	369	371,430	214,994	226,129	57.9	60.9
35	Wisconsin	Priv. Construction	122	125,042	40,210	41,284	32.2	33.0
35	Wisconsin	Priv. Manufacturing	608	617,626	116,384	120,310	18.8	19.5
83	Wyoming	Total	2,064	211,988	19,213	22,924	9.1	10.8
83	Wyoming	Private	1,567	162,102	10,280	11,689	6.3	7.2
83	Wyoming	Public	497	49,886	8,933	11,235	17.9	22.5
83	Wyoming	Priv. Construction	152	16,083	1,242	1,242	7.7	7.7
83	Wyoming	Priv. Manufacturing	101	10,173	1,138	1,285	11.2	12.6
Data Sources: Current Population Survey (CPS) Outgoing Rotation Group (ORG) Earnings Files, 1999. Sample includes
employed wage and salary workers, ages 16 and over. Variable definitions are: State Code=Census state code  used
in CPS, Obs=CPS sample size, Employment=wage and salary employment, Members=employed workers who are union
members, Covered=workers covered by a collective bargaining agreement, %Mem=percent of employed workers who
are union members, and %Cov=percent of employed workers who are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
© 2002 by Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson.  The use of data requires citation.