Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by State, 2004 (details in table note)
State
Code	State	Sector	Obs	Employment	Members	Covered	%Mem	%Cov
63	Alabama	Total	2,287	1,860,961	181,286	213,109	9.7	11.5
63	Alabama	Private	1,893	1,552,701	87,953	101,006	5.7	6.5
63	Alabama	Public	394	308,260	93,333	112,103	30.3	36.4
63	Alabama	Priv. Construction	135	116,603	5,309	5,309	4.6	4.6
63	Alabama	Priv. Manufacturing	400	327,213	38,888	44,610	11.9	13.6
94	Alaska	Total	2,572	267,807	53,949	60,024	20.1	22.4
94	Alaska	Private	1,784	187,968	20,436	22,163	10.9	11.8
94	Alaska	Public	788	79,839	33,513	37,862	42.0	47.4
94	Alaska	Priv. Construction	151	15,951	3,405	3,641	21.3	22.8
94	Alaska	Priv. Manufacturing	83	8,901	730	730	8.2	8.2
86	Arizona	Total	2,353	2,323,083	145,299	183,167	6.3	7.9
86	Arizona	Private	1,940	1,923,383	74,093	91,164	3.9	4.7
86	Arizona	Public	413	399,700	71,206	92,003	17.8	23.0
86	Arizona	Priv. Construction	189	190,790	6,177	7,080	3.2	3.7
86	Arizona	Priv. Manufacturing	196	198,938	7,970	10,267	4.0	5.2
71	Arkansas	Total	1,840	1,058,048	50,871	65,318	4.8	6.2
71	Arkansas	Private	1,512	874,972	28,143	35,197	3.2	4.0
71	Arkansas	Public	328	183,076	22,728	30,121	12.4	16.5
71	Arkansas	Priv. Construction	94	59,731	1,441	1,441	2.4	2.4
71	Arkansas	Priv. Manufacturing	333	187,817	15,854	19,073	8.4	10.2
93	California	Total	11,895	14,414,248	2,384,705	2,587,552	16.5	18.0
93	California	Private	9,951	12,042,250	1,129,674	1,224,630	9.4	10.2
93	California	Public	1,944	2,371,998	1,255,031	1,362,922	52.9	57.5
93	California	Priv. Construction	704	887,480	133,903	144,493	15.1	16.3
93	California	Priv. Manufacturing	1,416	1,693,716	114,579	131,471	6.8	7.8
84	Colorado	Total	3,874	2,050,104	172,021	191,283	8.4	9.3
84	Colorado	Private	3,201	1,696,882	87,905	95,518	5.2	5.6
84	Colorado	Public	673	353,221	84,116	95,765	23.8	27.1
84	Colorado	Priv. Construction	295	160,736	10,971	11,554	6.8	7.2
84	Colorado	Priv. Manufacturing	347	184,007	17,573	18,591	9.6	10.1
16	Connecticut	Total	3,597	1,538,697	234,706	255,826	15.3	16.6
16	Connecticut	Private	3,061	1,313,196	96,137	110,546	7.3	8.4
16	Connecticut	Public	536	225,501	138,569	145,280	61.4	64.4
16	Connecticut	Priv. Construction	149	66,529	13,245	14,082	19.9	21.2
16	Connecticut	Priv. Manufacturing	537	226,175	22,579	24,723	10.0	10.9
51	Delaware	Total	2,541	372,501	46,075	49,246	12.4	13.2
51	Delaware	Private	2,176	318,689	24,577	26,016	7.7	8.2
51	Delaware	Public	365	53,812	21,499	23,230	40.0	43.2
51	Delaware	Priv. Construction	185	27,072	3,743	3,867	13.8	14.3
51	Delaware	Priv. Manufacturing	323	47,020	7,705	7,967	16.4	16.9
53	D.C.	Total	1,936	258,251	32,749	37,540	12.7	14.5
53	D.C.	Private	1,396	188,296	16,599	19,065	8.8	10.1
53	D.C.	Public	540	69,955	16,149	18,475	23.1	26.4
53	D.C.	Priv. Construction	58	8,452	1,925	2,077	22.8	24.6
53	D.C.	Priv. Manufacturing	17	2,151	207	207	9.6	9.6
59	Florida	Total	6,923	6,942,888	414,219	532,876	6.0	7.7
59	Florida	Private	5,884	5,898,150	166,354	218,274	2.8	3.7
59	Florida	Public	1,039	1,044,738	247,865	314,602	23.7	30.1
59	Florida	Priv. Construction	555	560,630	16,726	19,719	3.0	3.5
59	Florida	Priv. Manufacturing	433	431,584	9,664	14,778	2.2	3.4
58	Georgia	Total	2,752	3,773,441	242,189	282,313	6.4	7.5
58	Georgia	Private	2,336	3,216,206	139,163	161,586	4.3	5.0
58	Georgia	Public	416	557,235	103,026	120,727	18.5	21.7
58	Georgia	Priv. Construction	211	303,090	16,906	24,491	5.6	8.1
58	Georgia	Priv. Manufacturing	397	545,255	42,121	45,633	7.7	8.4
95	Hawaii	Total	2,438	532,601	126,379	132,151	23.7	24.8
95	Hawaii	Private	1,895	414,096	66,938	68,947	16.2	16.7
95	Hawaii	Public	543	118,506	59,441	63,204	50.2	53.3
95	Hawaii	Priv. Construction	152	34,444	12,762	12,762	37.1	37.1
95	Hawaii	Priv. Manufacturing	74	15,676	3,539	3,539	22.6	22.6
82	Idaho	Total	2,018	561,086	32,756	44,399	5.8	7.9
82	Idaho	Private	1,635	461,159	17,061	21,955	3.7	4.8
82	Idaho	Public	383	99,928	15,694	22,444	15.7	22.5
82	Idaho	Priv. Construction	122	36,715	3,427	3,427	9.3	9.3
82	Idaho	Priv. Manufacturing	205	58,530	4,562	6,151	7.8	10.5
33	Illinois	Total	6,272	5,410,191	908,286	970,641	16.8	17.9
33	Illinois	Private	5,452	4,708,437	567,839	610,116	12.1	13.0
33	Illinois	Public	820	701,754	340,447	360,525	48.5	51.4
33	Illinois	Priv. Construction	398	339,762	152,204	153,903	44.8	45.3
33	Illinois	Priv. Manufacturing	880	766,390	130,228	137,355	17.0	17.9
32	Indiana	Total	3,349	2,716,836	310,726	337,545	11.4	12.4
32	Indiana	Private	2,921	2,376,485	214,097	228,835	9.0	9.6
32	Indiana	Public	428	340,351	96,629	108,710	28.4	31.9
32	Indiana	Priv. Construction	197	159,371	42,907	43,739	26.9	27.4
32	Indiana	Priv. Manufacturing	738	601,381	108,594	115,739	18.1	19.2
42	Iowa	Total	3,316	1,344,936	141,040	170,653	10.5	12.7
42	Iowa	Private	2,783	1,127,889	80,659	91,484	7.2	8.1
42	Iowa	Public	533	217,047	60,381	79,169	27.8	36.5
42	Iowa	Priv. Construction	166	66,953	11,994	12,814	17.9	19.1
42	Iowa	Priv. Manufacturing	589	236,534	47,388	51,794	20.0	21.9
47	Kansas	Total	3,164	1,222,705	103,014	131,716	8.4	10.8
47	Kansas	Private	2,484	965,686	59,038	71,887	6.1	7.4
47	Kansas	Public	680	257,019	43,976	59,829	17.1	23.3
47	Kansas	Priv. Construction	147	58,486	6,085	6,468	10.4	11.1
47	Kansas	Priv. Manufacturing	414	162,315	29,201	37,367	18.0	23.0
61	Kentucky	Total	2,436	1,698,972	163,687	197,225	9.6	11.6
61	Kentucky	Private	2,005	1,402,808	105,055	119,721	7.5	8.5
61	Kentucky	Public	431	296,164	58,632	77,504	19.8	26.2
61	Kentucky	Priv. Construction	142	103,294	15,611	18,467	15.1	17.9
61	Kentucky	Priv. Manufacturing	357	251,830	37,779	39,105	15.0	15.5
72	Louisiana	Total	1,756	1,696,988	129,265	157,205	7.6	9.3
72	Louisiana	Private	1,423	1,385,049	65,790	72,628	4.8	5.2
72	Louisiana	Public	333	311,939	63,475	84,577	20.3	27.1
72	Louisiana	Priv. Construction	116	112,653	7,288	7,288	6.5	6.5
72	Louisiana	Priv. Manufacturing	167	161,161	26,476	28,499	16.4	17.7
11	Maine	Total	3,102	564,174	63,678	74,387	11.3	13.2
11	Maine	Private	2,596	473,332	27,691	30,954	5.9	6.5
11	Maine	Public	506	90,842	35,986	43,433	39.6	47.8
11	Maine	Priv. Construction	155	28,510	878	1,033	3.1	3.6
11	Maine	Priv. Manufacturing	375	68,196	15,045	15,447	22.1	22.7
52	Maryland	Total	3,381	2,502,370	271,995	312,946	10.9	12.5
52	Maryland	Private	2,595	1,921,967	115,029	136,455	6.0	7.1
52	Maryland	Public	786	580,402	156,966	176,491	27.0	30.4
52	Maryland	Priv. Construction	230	170,413	21,148	25,397	12.4	14.9
52	Maryland	Priv. Manufacturing	210	154,523	11,853	16,551	7.7	10.7
14	Massachusetts	Total	3,424	2,920,040	393,287	429,943	13.5	14.7
14	Massachusetts	Private	2,975	2,545,048	196,396	218,607	7.7	8.6
14	Massachusetts	Public	449	374,991	196,891	211,336	52.5	56.4
14	Massachusetts	Priv. Construction	164	146,538	36,218	38,600	24.7	26.3
14	Massachusetts	Priv. Manufacturing	401	337,744	26,187	28,140	7.8	8.3
34	Michigan	Total	4,916	4,305,330	929,821	965,554	21.6	22.4
34	Michigan	Private	4,214	3,695,974	589,073	612,861	15.9	16.6
34	Michigan	Public	702	609,356	340,749	352,693	55.9	57.9
34	Michigan	Priv. Construction	213	192,214	56,731	57,904	29.5	30.1
34	Michigan	Priv. Manufacturing	1,055	917,374	279,046	286,710	30.4	31.3
41	Minnesota	Total	3,853	2,429,159	424,234	443,365	17.5	18.3
41	Minnesota	Private	3,252	2,061,025	229,152	238,889	11.1	11.6
41	Minnesota	Public	601	368,134	195,082	204,476	53.0	55.5
41	Minnesota	Priv. Construction	214	133,296	38,561	39,794	28.9	29.9
41	Minnesota	Priv. Manufacturing	565	355,801	48,195	50,259	13.5	14.1
64	Mississippi	Total	1,674	1,108,211	52,902	70,057	4.8	6.3
64	Mississippi	Private	1,297	865,261	34,685	39,517	4.0	4.6
64	Mississippi	Public	377	242,951	18,216	30,540	7.5	12.6
64	Mississippi	Priv. Construction	107	72,999	3,682	3,682	5.0	5.0
64	Mississippi	Priv. Manufacturing	275	186,528	12,761	14,826	6.8	7.9
43	Missouri	Total	2,849	2,546,383	314,813	356,535	12.4	14.0
43	Missouri	Private	2,425	2,177,453	237,542	252,855	10.9	11.6
43	Missouri	Public	424	368,931	77,271	103,679	20.9	28.1
43	Missouri	Priv. Construction	168	161,166	46,780	48,936	29.0	30.4
43	Missouri	Priv. Manufacturing	331	294,425	56,886	58,591	19.3	19.9
81	Montana	Total	1,810	365,552	42,733	46,110	11.7	12.6
81	Montana	Private	1,405	283,129	15,703	17,231	5.5	6.1
81	Montana	Public	405	82,423	27,029	28,878	32.8	35.0
81	Montana	Priv. Construction	122	24,200	3,858	3,858	15.9	15.9
81	Montana	Priv. Manufacturing	91	18,136	2,051	2,051	11.3	11.3
46	Nebraska	Total	3,116	831,310	69,168	83,279	8.3	10.0
46	Nebraska	Private	2,561	684,457	34,432	38,989	5.0	5.7
46	Nebraska	Public	555	146,854	34,735	44,289	23.7	30.2
46	Nebraska	Priv. Construction	179	48,653	6,083	6,083	12.5	12.5
46	Nebraska	Priv. Manufacturing	349	92,100	9,979	12,220	10.8	13.3
88	Nevada	Total	3,229	1,006,042	125,992	143,912	12.5	14.3
88	Nevada	Private	2,839	888,535	88,704	97,399	10.0	11.0
88	Nevada	Public	390	117,507	37,288	46,512	31.7	39.6
88	Nevada	Priv. Construction	294	96,518	15,020	15,647	15.6	16.2
88	Nevada	Priv. Manufacturing	154	47,132	1,283	1,283	2.7	2.7
12	New Hampshire	Total	3,674	618,441	60,945	68,299	9.9	11.0
12	New Hampshire	Private	3,155	532,768	25,518	27,541	4.8	5.2
12	New Hampshire	Public	519	85,673	35,427	40,758	41.4	47.6
12	New Hampshire	Priv. Construction	198	34,380	4,404	4,404	12.8	12.8
12	New Hampshire	Priv. Manufacturing	616	103,906	5,548	6,528	5.3	6.3
22	New Jersey	Total	4,460	3,768,505	744,825	813,489	19.8	21.6
22	New Jersey	Private	3,727	3,160,579	366,168	401,011	11.6	12.7
22	New Jersey	Public	733	607,926	378,657	412,477	62.3	67.8
22	New Jersey	Priv. Construction	196	167,399	52,816	53,722	31.6	32.1
22	New Jersey	Priv. Manufacturing	490	413,624	48,710	53,316	11.8	12.9
85	New Mexico	Total	1,857	734,422	49,008	65,344	6.7	8.9
85	New Mexico	Private	1,365	546,437	18,756	22,213	3.4	4.1
85	New Mexico	Public	492	187,985	30,252	43,131	16.1	22.9
85	New Mexico	Priv. Construction	127	53,345	2,377	2,377	4.5	4.5
85	New Mexico	Priv. Manufacturing	94	39,219	2,922	3,411	7.4	8.7
21	New York	Total	8,026	7,900,885	1,995,770	2,084,596	25.3	26.4
21	New York	Private	6,514	6,443,991	973,556	1,028,048	15.1	16.0
21	New York	Public	1,512	1,456,894	1,022,215	1,056,548	70.2	72.5
21	New York	Priv. Construction	390	398,197	112,141	115,133	28.2	28.9
21	New York	Priv. Manufacturing	721	689,258	117,727	122,406	17.1	17.8
56	North Carolina	Total	3,717	3,549,242	97,015	126,515	2.7	3.6
56	North Carolina	Private	3,125	2,994,345	47,824	66,832	1.6	2.2
56	North Carolina	Public	592	554,897	49,191	59,683	8.9	10.8
56	North Carolina	Priv. Construction	244	245,416	1,934	1,934	0.8	0.8
56	North Carolina	Priv. Manufacturing	628	587,883	10,220	14,311	1.7	2.4
44	North Dakota	Total	2,577	292,101	22,383	26,194	7.7	9.0
44	North Dakota	Private	1,976	226,830	9,227	10,259	4.1	4.5
44	North Dakota	Public	601	65,271	13,156	15,936	20.2	24.4
44	North Dakota	Priv. Construction	141	16,545	1,987	2,115	12.0	12.8
44	North Dakota	Priv. Manufacturing	177	20,143	1,964	2,056	9.8	10.2
31	Ohio	Total	5,487	4,997,665	758,560	820,266	15.2	16.4
31	Ohio	Private	4,727	4,335,474	455,801	485,666	10.5	11.2
31	Ohio	Public	760	662,191	302,759	334,599	45.7	50.5
31	Ohio	Priv. Construction	244	234,368	45,622	47,480	19.5	20.3
31	Ohio	Priv. Manufacturing	924	867,081	191,565	200,057	22.1	23.1
73	Oklahoma	Total	1,944	1,402,063	86,202	100,246	6.1	7.1
73	Oklahoma	Private	1,572	1,134,909	39,705	43,941	3.5	3.9
73	Oklahoma	Public	372	267,154	46,497	56,305	17.4	21.1
73	Oklahoma	Priv. Construction	101	74,285	3,012	3,012	4.1	4.1
73	Oklahoma	Priv. Manufacturing	206	144,312	13,214	13,697	9.2	9.5
92	Oregon	Total	2,500	1,470,595	223,503	243,227	15.2	16.5
92	Oregon	Private	2,094	1,239,444	100,533	108,478	8.1	8.8
92	Oregon	Public	406	231,151	122,970	134,749	53.2	58.3
92	Oregon	Priv. Construction	145	86,946	9,510	9,510	10.9	10.9
92	Oregon	Priv. Manufacturing	350	212,065	20,745	20,745	9.8	9.8
23	Pennsylvania	Total	6,404	5,297,752	792,720	841,671	15.0	15.9
23	Pennsylvania	Private	5,551	4,585,918	443,528	463,660	9.7	10.1
23	Pennsylvania	Public	853	711,834	349,192	378,011	49.1	53.1
23	Pennsylvania	Priv. Construction	319	272,702	54,479	54,479	20.0	20.0
23	Pennsylvania	Priv. Manufacturing	966	796,934	153,121	156,053	19.2	19.6
15	Rhode Island	Total	3,344	486,616	79,437	82,561	16.3	17.0
15	Rhode Island	Private	2,849	416,188	36,741	39,139	8.8	9.4
15	Rhode Island	Public	495	70,428	42,696	43,422	60.6	61.7
15	Rhode Island	Priv. Construction	144	20,869	4,999	5,307	24.0	25.4
15	Rhode Island	Priv. Manufacturing	507	72,996	7,302	8,035	10.0	11.0
57	South Carolina	Total	2,187	1,764,806	53,536	74,333	3.0	4.2
57	South Carolina	Private	1,780	1,446,301	37,078	41,278	2.6	2.9
57	South Carolina	Public	407	318,505	16,458	33,055	5.2	10.4
57	South Carolina	Priv. Construction	105	92,438	0	0	0.0	0.0
57	South Carolina	Priv. Manufacturing	398	311,532	13,995	13,995	4.5	4.5
45	South Dakota	Total	2,935	346,870	20,780	26,832	6.0	7.7
45	South Dakota	Private	2,366	282,248	8,287	10,233	2.9	3.6
45	South Dakota	Public	569	64,622	12,493	16,599	19.3	25.7
45	South Dakota	Priv. Construction	155	18,477	803	803	4.3	4.3
45	South Dakota	Priv. Manufacturing	375	44,277	3,345	3,886	7.6	8.8
62	Tennessee	Total	2,222	2,465,314	164,202	190,959	6.7	7.7
62	Tennessee	Private	1,880	2,097,194	103,336	111,640	4.9	5.3
62	Tennessee	Public	342	368,119	60,866	79,320	16.5	21.5
62	Tennessee	Priv. Construction	115	127,172	9,370	9,370	7.4	7.4
62	Tennessee	Priv. Manufacturing	368	407,927	42,507	45,526	10.4	11.2
74	Texas	Total	7,591	9,072,286	457,310	572,827	5.0	6.3
74	Texas	Private	6,334	7,610,210	207,183	252,573	2.7	3.3
74	Texas	Public	1,257	1,462,075	250,127	320,254	17.1	21.9
74	Texas	Priv. Construction	564	689,761	21,220	23,413	3.1	3.4
74	Texas	Priv. Manufacturing	868	1,040,183	76,308	86,389	7.3	8.3
87	Utah	Total	2,509	1,000,563	57,543	66,606	5.8	6.7
87	Utah	Private	2,059	827,907	23,934	29,252	2.9	3.5
87	Utah	Public	450	172,656	33,608	37,354	19.5	21.6
87	Utah	Priv. Construction	163	68,218	5,889	6,347	8.6	9.3
87	Utah	Priv. Manufacturing	314	123,180	1,077	1,427	0.9	1.2
13	Vermont	Total	2,846	291,125	28,660	33,286	9.8	11.4
13	Vermont	Private	2,409	247,464	10,391	11,897	4.2	4.8
13	Vermont	Public	437	43,661	18,269	21,390	41.8	49.0
13	Vermont	Priv. Construction	147	15,176	510	510	3.4	3.4
13	Vermont	Priv. Manufacturing	348	35,308	1,080	1,304	3.1	3.7
54	Virginia	Total	3,209	3,307,571	176,051	217,838	5.3	6.6
54	Virginia	Private	2,560	2,646,401	89,736	108,639	3.4	4.1
54	Virginia	Public	649	661,170	86,316	109,199	13.1	16.5
54	Virginia	Priv. Construction	202	209,091	4,325	4,325	2.1	2.1
54	Virginia	Priv. Manufacturing	287	295,910	24,606	27,713	8.3	9.4
91	Washington	Total	3,167	2,644,712	509,751	535,695	19.3	20.3
91	Washington	Private	2,582	2,170,291	287,525	297,906	13.2	13.7
91	Washington	Public	585	474,421	222,226	237,789	46.8	50.1
91	Washington	Priv. Construction	173	149,660	36,837	36,837	24.6	24.6
91	Washington	Priv. Manufacturing	388	334,894	55,515	56,311	16.6	16.8
55	West Virginia	Total	2,191	700,138	99,421	109,638	14.2	15.7
55	West Virginia	Private	1,758	564,390	59,535	64,059	10.5	11.4
55	West Virginia	Public	433	135,748	39,886	45,578	29.4	33.6
55	West Virginia	Priv. Construction	133	43,148	10,271	10,811	23.8	25.1
55	West Virginia	Priv. Manufacturing	221	74,925	15,779	16,796	21.1	22.4
35	Wisconsin	Total	3,871	2,597,010	414,327	439,136	16.0	16.9
35	Wisconsin	Private	3,352	2,253,102	235,209	246,987	10.4	11.0
35	Wisconsin	Public	519	343,907	179,118	192,150	52.1	55.9
35	Wisconsin	Priv. Construction	196	133,303	31,403	31,403	23.6	23.6
35	Wisconsin	Priv. Manufacturing	828	549,490	98,935	104,241	18.0	19.0
83	Wyoming	Total	2,467	222,284	17,813	21,872	8.0	9.8
83	Wyoming	Private	1,870	170,713	9,055	10,444	5.3	6.1
83	Wyoming	Public	597	51,570	8,758	11,428	17.0	22.2
83	Wyoming	Priv. Construction	175	15,753	928	928	5.9	5.9
83	Wyoming	Priv. Manufacturing	111	9,928	1,087	1,268	11.0	12.8
Data Sources: Current Population Survey (CPS) Outgoing Rotation Group (ORG) Earnings Files, 2004. Sample includes
employed wage and salary workers, ages 16 and over. Variable definitions are: State Code=Census state code  used
in CPS, Obs=CPS sample size, Employment=wage and salary employment, Members=employed workers who are union
members, Covered=workers covered by a collective bargaining agreement, %Mem=percent of employed workers who
are union members, and %Cov=percent of employed workers who are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
© 2005 by Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson.  The use of data requires citation.